注:这是我基本看完的为数不多的小说(或者说传记之类的读物)之一,因为其作者是李彦宏。

李彦宏在他的博客这样写道:

清华大学出版社上个月又加印了4,000册《硅谷商战》,还寄给我一本样书,封皮也换了,封面上注明“百度掌门人--李彦宏力作再现”,其实我有些吃惊,怀疑这本8年前写的书对现在的人还有多大参考价值,今天得空又翻了一下,感觉像是在读历史,有恍若隔世的味道,里面讲的很多公司今天已经不存在了,有些商业模式发生了改变,有些越做越强,有一点让我欣慰的是,书里面的数字、事实都是当时严格考证过的,没有任何夸张、虚构,所以用来怀旧倒是挺合适的。什么时候我退休了,可以接着写互联网的商战故事,把中国的互联网也写进去,希望那个时候,中国的互联网也是世界互联网领域的最重要的组成部分,中国的互联网公司能在世界互联网领域起到举足轻重的作用。

第一回 安德森初闯硅谷 克拉克慧眼识才

  1993年初,在美国中部伊利诺伊大学的国家巨型计算机研究中心,一群大学生写出了一个叫“马赛克”的软件。马赛克是一个图形化的“浏览器”,它能使用户通过简单的鼠标操作来畅游电子信息世界。安德森是其中一员,他当时在伊利诺伊大学的国家巨型计算机研究中心打工。1993年1月安德森写出了马赛克的UNIX版本。马赛克迅速流行起来。一些公司开始跟他们联系,希望购买马赛克。安德森不喜欢这种来自工商界的压力,于1993年12月离开了伊利诺伊,并且也不打算再做马赛克的开发工作。

  安德森来到了硅谷。他在一家计算机软件公司谋了一份职位,对于一个初闯硅谷,没有任何实际工作经验的本科生来说,安德森获得的报酬是极高的———年薪8万美元。有一天,他突然收到一封电子邮件,发信人名叫吉姆·克拉克,曾是当时盛极一时的硅谷图形公司的董事长。两人相约一起吃早饭,结果谈得非常投机,大有相见恨晚之感。饭桌上他们决定成立马赛克通讯公司,这便是后来的网景通讯公司。

  对克拉克来说,两人联手是他重入江湖的机会;而对于23岁的安德森,与一位传奇式的硅谷高人创建公司的机遇更是千载难逢。1994年4月,克拉克拿出400万美元在硅谷中心的山景城开始了他们历史性的创业。他们首先飞回伊利诺伊大学招兵买马,希望写一个更好的浏览器。真正拥有马赛克版权的是伊利诺伊大学,而学校把该技术转让给了当地一家叫“谍杯”的公司。1994年夏天,克拉克告诉谍杯公司总裁:“我们要跟微软决高下。”

  微软在1994年12月决定购买“谍杯”公司的浏览器技术。克拉克闻讯后,心里很不是滋味:他雄心勃勃要与微软一争高下,却不曾想微软会从竞争对手那里购买浏览器技术。这时候网景公司的新浏览器“领航员”刚刚正式发布,他需要尽快找到一些大客户。12月28日夜,克拉克决定试着与微软联系一下,在没有跟任何人商量、事后也没有跟任何人讲的情况下,他向微软的两位高级主管发了一封长长的电子邮件,下面就是邮件的有关摘录:

  一起合作既符合你们的利益也符合我们的利益。不知道你们的兴趣有多大,你们可以通过向网景注入一些资金来获得一定的股份,以后还可以增加你们的股份。考虑到我们在财务软件方面所做的工作,我认为我们可以一起制定规则,以减轻intuit兼并案的影响。(注:微软1994年夏天曾试图兼并财务软件公司intu it,但美国司法部出于反垄断方面的考虑,没有批准)很多银行都很怕微软进入金融软件领域,但是还没有人注意到网景公司。
  我们已经开始建立一支队伍,这些人懂得系统咨询和数据库的运营模式,这些都是你们可以借鉴的。微软几乎控制着整个信息产业,而我们则可以成为微软进入因特网领域的一个间接办法。
  如果你们还有兴趣重开谈判的话,我很愿意与你们秘密交流一下。公司里没有人知道我发这封信。
  感谢你们考虑这件事。

  如果不是后来司法部对微软的反垄断调查的话,这封信可能永远都不会公开。克拉克恐怕没有想到,后来网景帮助司法部控告微软的垄断行为时,这封信会被微软的律师用来反证网景的虚伪。

第二回 华尔街新星照耀 西雅图阴雨连绵

  马克·安德森,他24岁就上了《时代》杂志的封面。

  "领航员"出世之前,安德森就提出了一个惊人的未来销售战略,他说:"领航员应该免费发放",克拉克也支持他。

  靠着免费发放最流行的浏览器软件,网景迅速成长起来。1994年4月,全公司只有3个人,一年后就发展到了220人。1995年1月,克拉克为网景找到了一名主帅,吉姆·巴克斯代尔。总裁有了,领航员也已经风靡全球,网景的下一个目标自然转向了华尔街。

  华尔街对这个在信息革命中具有划时代意义的年轻公司早已翘首亟盼。1995年8月9日,是整个电脑世界改观的日子。网景在以高科技股为代表的证券交易市场那斯达克上市。股市原定上午9:30开盘。然而,90分钟后开盘价才确定,全美的股票经纪人全部目瞪口呆地坐在那里:每股由28美元升至71美元!随后,500万股转瞬间被抢购一空。

  硅谷有个传说,每隔15年就会有一次大的变动拽着信息产业的耳朵往前走。万维网已被传媒称为世纪末一个新神话。安德森这位硅谷金童,一夜之间成了照耀华尔街的一颗新星。安德森现象其实就是一个孩子一夜暴富的简单故事。但是与他交往较多的人,却越来越感到安德森的不简单。他不像一般纯技术人员那样把自己局限在技术圈内,他想的是商战策略,包括市场宣传、定位以及寻找网景制胜的最好途径。

  网景的成功自然也惊动了微软公司。早在网景股票上市之前,盖茨就曾派人到硅谷与网景商谈合作意向,那是1995年的6月21日。网景总裁巴克斯代尔和当时的首席技术官安德森都参加了那次会议,微软掌门盖茨则没有出席。微软的建议包括几方面:微软向网景注资、给网景提供相关的技术信息、适当调整微软的操作系统以便网景的浏览器运行得更好以及网景给微软一个董事席位、网景的技术允许微软使用、网景的产品开发计划要事先向微软通报、网景不得开发可以在微软两个月后即将发布的新一代操作系统视窗95上运行的浏览器版本等。

  如果当时网景接受了微软的建议,会拿到一大笔钱,并且会得到微软的支持。“但是如果把技术让给微软,我们最好的结果恐怕也只是成为一个年销售额1亿美元左右的公司,最终被微软全部买下来而已。”董事长克拉克说,“我们创建网景不是为了这个。"

  一场豪赌就这样开始了。谁控制网上浏览信息的通行方法将最终决定网景公司的成败,甚至决定因特网的未来之路。

  网景的确不负众望,短短两年时间里,公司已有上千人,浏览器市场的85%归它所有。1995年9月,Oracle公司总裁拉里·埃里森首次提出了网络计算机的概念, 并说个人计算机会被网络计算机所替代。网络计算机的概念,间接印证了网景存在的必要性——网络计算机的前台只需要一个浏览器,用户不需要考虑他在用什么操作系统,这样,微软在操作系统方面的统治地位就不重要了。盖茨反驳说:“未来10年,个人计算机的发展会比过去10年更快。"

  但是华尔街逐渐对微软失去耐心。11月16日,有影响的Goldman Saches公司分析人员把微软从该公司的推荐名单上去掉了,这个降级处理消息使微软公司的股票在两盘交易中跌落7%,跌到了87.375 美元,而网景的股票总价值很快突破了50亿美元。

  西雅图以多雨著名,一年要下9个月的雨,而且集中在冬季。1995年的冬天似乎特别难熬,尤其对盖茨是这样。

第三回闭门造车oak受挫 借尸还魂java重生

  1995年8月,距离午夜零点的最后期限只有3分钟了,太阳公司工程师阿瑟·霍夫最后检查了一遍公司为万维网写的新软件———java和 hotjava。阿瑟脸上终于露出满意的笑容,然后把程序源代码加密后放上了因特网,并把解密钥用电子邮件形式传给网景公司———java的第一个商业用户。

  经过五年的风风雨雨,java终于有了用武之地。

  自从1994年12月这个软件的早期版本问世以来,java就像岩浆喷发一样令人热情高涨,它让人们觉得万维网将会充满互动式游戏、动画以及成千上万的人们想也想不到的应用程序。与此同时,java给太阳和其他微软的宿敌们新的希望———他们又有可能从微软对软件市场的铁腕统治下摆脱出来了。

  太阳公司掌门人司考特·曼克尼里是一位无情的竞争者,java计划从一开始就被定位成比尔·盖茨的克星。java的起源可以追溯到1990年,那时个人电脑正蓬勃发展,虽然太阳在昂贵的工作站和服务器市场安然无恙,但个人电脑已经把太阳挤到了一个很窄的市场领域。正因为如此,曼克尼里当时非常愿意听取不同意见。25岁的程序员巴特瑞克·努顿在太阳公司工作了三年,而且在曼克尼里的冰球队里打球。球间休息时,努顿拿着一瓶啤酒走到曼克尼里面前告诉他自己要辞职了,要去next电脑公司。曼克里尼停了一秒钟,然后遗憾地要求努顿帮他个忙:“你走之前,把你认为太阳公司做错的地方写下来,不要光列举问题,也列出解决办法。告诉我如果你是上帝,你会怎么办。"

  第二天早上,努顿写下了一个长达12页的报告,列出了太阳公司的缺点和他对next公司的操作系统前景的乐观估计。

  这个报告立即引起了轩然大波。努顿建议:雇一个艺术家把太阳枯燥的用户界面做漂亮些;只选择使用一种编程工具包;把精力集中在一种视窗技术上,而不是几种;最后,解雇所有视窗组的成员。

  第二天早上,努顿收到了上百封电子邮件,全都是太阳公司的高级管理人员对他的建议的回应。资深程序员吉姆斯·高斯林说:“努顿太切中要害了,不知道从什么时候起,我们忘记了生产高质量产品的真谛。"

  努顿加入了一群高级工程师的行列。由于各级主管的支持,努顿和高斯林得到了他们想要的尚方宝剑。但是这个代号“绿色"的项目只是几个非常抽象的原则,并无实质内容。他们只是决定绕开微软和个人电脑,设计一个在任何地方都能运行的软件系统。这意味着这个系统需要小巧、简单,与太阳现行产品的特点大相径庭。“我们想把计算机消灭掉,计算技术的第三次浪潮将由家用电器来驱动。"

  随后,“绿色"小组成员把这个项目进一步具体化了。他们决定研制一种可以控制常用家电的装置。

  1991年4月,“绿色"小组一行四人搬出太阳公司总部。他们掐断了与太阳公司内部电脑网络的联线,“如果不这样,我们怕再造出一个工作站来。"其中一人回忆说。他们在计划中写道:这个项目的目的是要为家用电器开发一种新的操作环境。

  高斯林很快意识到,现有的程序设计语言无法满足他们的要求,于是决定发明一种新的程序设计语言。1991年8月,新的程序设计语言诞生了!受他办公室窗前那棵树的启发,高斯林把这门新语言叫做"橡树"(oak)———这就是java的前身。

  努顿用oak写出了一个电器与电脑间的三维可视界面。这样当你不在家但又想录下你想看的电视节目时,可以通过虚拟的录像机控制家里的录像机。“绿色"小组又设计了运行这个软件的硬件———一个可以拿在手里、装着电池的小盒子。

  1992年8月,曼克尼里看到了这种小盒子。这个盒子有显示屏但没有任何按钮。用手触摸屏幕就能把它打开。打开后你会看到一个红鼻子小人儿出现在屏幕上,这个小人儿可以带你到房子的每一个房间,你只需用手指在屏幕上滑动,而不需要鼠标器!你可以坐在沙发上用手指控制屏幕选录像带,再把带子拉到虚拟的录像机里去,这样你就可以录电视节目了。酷!

  曼克尼里看完后激动不已:“这才是真正的突破!它一定能赢得市场。"罗星也说:“惠普、ibm、微软、还有苹果,会被通统干掉。比尔·盖茨要哭了。"

  太阳很快成立了单独的子公司,开发基于oak的产品。他们与三菱、法国电讯等公司洽谈,但是三菱和法国电讯对此都不感兴趣。太阳公司后来又谈了一些公司,但都是乘兴而去,败兴而归。当时因特网上超过50%的计算机是太阳公司生产的,但是他们却没有能够及早洞察这个机会。

  到了1994年底,oak仍然不被人们所接受。高斯林等人有意离开太阳。当时太阳的首席技术官爱瑞克·史密特为了留住这些天才的程序员,恳求他们写一个报告给曼克尼里,把oak与因特网联系起来。同时答应他们效仿网景的做法,通过因特网免费发放这项新技术。他们一开始只是秘密地发给了少数人,其中包括网景的创始人安德森和克拉克。安德森看过后,在硅谷最大的报纸《圣荷塞新闻》上说:“这些人做的东西很好,是无可争议的新技术。"得到因特网上的上帝这样的评价,他们知道时来运转了。

  曼克尼里听了汇报后,突然意识到这就是他踏破铁鞋要寻觅的对付微软的武器。很快,oak改名为java,1995年5月正式对外公布。网景也购买了java执照,与“领航员"一起免费在因特网上发放。于是就有了本章开头说的挑灯夜战的情形。几个月后,数以百万计的联网电脑就有了支持java的浏览器。

第四回写一次“跑"遍天下开赌局二虎对决

  看到采用java技术的公司越多,Java的开发者们就越受鼓舞。然而,首席技术官史密特却逐渐地耽心起来,java对任何非赢利性使用都是免费的,即使对赢利性使用权,太阳也只是象征性地收一点钱。所以发出去的java拷贝越多,太阳亏的钱就越多。几个月后的一天,在一次晚饭中,曼克尼里果然问起了java的情况:“java到现在一共亏了多少钱?"

  “大约100万。"史密特回答说。“听着,"曼克里尼正色道,“把预算增加10倍———你要给我亏1000万才算完成任务!"史密特一听大喜,从此可以放心大胆地推广java了。

  其实,java远不只是一个程序设计语言,它代表着一个新概念。有了java,计算所需的两个要素:程序和数据,都不必存在你自己的电脑上,它们可以被存放在因特网上的任何一个角落。这真正实现了太阳多年来标榜的“网络就是计算机"的概念。只要有java虚拟机,它可以在不同的操作系统上运行得一样好,不论是微软的视窗95、苹果的麦金塔、还是各种各样的unix。这解决了长期以来困扰软件开发人员的一大问题:不兼容性。因此,太阳为java贴上了“写一次,跑遍天下"的标签。

  曼克尼里深信网络、特别是java会改变硅谷商战的整个格局。如果java真的普及了,微软的视窗加英特尔的芯片,简称wintel的设计将无法垄断it行业。

  java迅速得到了工业界的广泛支持,曼克尼里为此忙得不可开交,签署了一个又一个java合同。到12月的第一个星期,几个电脑工业界的巨头——— 从因特网新星网景到数据库大王oracle,再到蓝色巨人ibm,都已表态支持java。微软是唯一的例外。微软犹豫的原因与所有其他人激动不已的原因是一样的:java可以在任何硬件、任何操作系统上运行,这就绕过了微软的摇钱树:视窗系统。

  几天来,曼克尼里在纽约一连串地会晤各路诸侯,包括世界上最大的计算机制造商ibm的总裁路易斯·郭士纳,取得了丰硕的成果。他计划要睡一个安稳觉。然而,凌晨两点,曼克里尼所住宾馆房间的电话铃突然响了起来,是太阳的另外一位创建人、java的忠实信徒威廉·卓易,他告诉曼克尼里一个天大的喜讯:他刚刚收到微软公司资深副总裁罗杰·赫恩的传真,微软同意按照太阳的条件购买java执照。四个星期的艰苦谈判终于有了结果。曼克尼里因为太困了,只说了句 “干得好"就又倒头睡下了。

  不是“干得好",而是干得太妙了。微软的投降对太阳和它41岁的总裁来说是一个历史时刻。十几年来,曼克尼里为推广他网络化计算的概念,可谓是“衣带渐宽终不悔,为伊消得人憔悴"。现在,连威力无比的比尔·盖茨也承认了曼克里尼的太阳公司拥有正确的计算技术。

  太阳公司现在成了电脑界的中心,这当然与个性鲜明的曼克尼里不无关系。这位长着大门牙、娃娃脸的总裁有着不同寻常的身世,不像盖茨和苹果公司的创始人史蒂夫·乔布斯,曼克尼里没有因为个人电脑时代的来临而辍学经商,他也不是从工程部门一步一步爬上来的,像英特尔公司总裁安德鲁·葛罗夫等硅谷大腕。他在哈佛大学学的是经济,后来在斯坦福大学拿了工商管理硕士学位。oracle公司总裁拉里·埃里森这样评价他:“司考特有两个特点,一是作为领袖人物的热情奔放,二是对公司财政的严格管理。能二者兼备的人很少。"

  java是电脑业界迄今为止最好的特洛伊木马。网景的浏览器已经占领了计算机屏幕的显要位置,就像超级市场里的货架;java把货物直接送到了微软领地的心脏地带,打破了它对桌面系统的封锁。

  然而从来没有人说比尔·盖茨是傻瓜。1995年12月7日,盖茨在西雅图会议中心对网景等因特网公司宣战。这一天是珍珠港纪念日,盖茨喜欢这个标志二战形势转折的日子。他说,珍珠港被炸之后,一个沉睡的巨人苏醒了。网景在因特网市场的爆炸性增长,终于唤醒了微软。盖茨把微软比作受、天真的美国人民,而把网景比作珍珠港事件中毫无感情的日本空军。

  一年来,网景在因特网的市场占有率不断增加,微软过去的策略———写一些封闭式的软件来卖钱———则完全败给了网景的浏览器、开放性标准和因特网。微软在12月7日正式改变了策略,宣布其浏览器将永远免费。微软放弃了它独立开发的封闭标准———黑鸟,许诺要把java运用到其新版浏览器中。

  在以后的几个星期中,微软迅速表现出了其商战策略的改变。

  它收购了一个叫vermeer的小软件公司,这家公司正在开发一种万维网开发工具,叫“前页"。

  最近微软又把自己开发的因特网信息服务器iis(internet information server)免费送给购买新版Windows NT的人。iis直接与网景要价不菲的通讯服务器竞争。

  微软现在说它计划把与因特网连接的功能镶嵌到每一个微软的产品中去,从word到back office,再到excel。如果这些能做到的话,微软将成为因特网市场上一个强有力的竞争对手。

  一个是软件工业界武林至尊,一个是因特网上硅谷新秀,这场豪赌,无论谁输谁赢,都将永远改变整个信息产业的格局。

  制胜的关键在于拿下浏览器市场。微软在这方面有两大优势:一是其在桌面市场的统治地位,一是其银行中90亿美元的现金。网景的优势则在于它已经拥有了70%的浏览器市场,而要保持这个优势,网景的领导者们很清楚,网景必须在技术上始终领先微软至少6个月。

第五回 领航员踌躇满志 探索者卧薪尝胆

  这已经不是一个浏览器之战,而是一个新的电脑平台的问题。网景要想超越自我,就必须控制一个平台。

  在硅谷,每周工作90~100小时的软件工程师和管理人员不乏其人。高科技的诱惑,创造某种新东西的可能,时时激励着每一个人,他们感到他们站在时代的最前沿。正是靠着这样一种士气,网景在其初创的两年间平均每个月推出一种新产品,它的“领航员"软件曾拥有85%的浏览器市场,被全球数千万人用来浏览万维网。为了在环球网上保持领先地位,网景必须保持这种快节奏,因为万维网本身就是有史以来节奏最快的一种商业环境。一个网景的工程师平均每周工作70小时(两倍于普通美国工人),而当一种产品的出厂期临近时,“你几乎是一天工作24小时",一位网景的创始工程师这样说。

  网景并没有让员工们这样玩命,相反地,公司需要强迫人们不要工作。为了让员工们做些工作以外的事儿,公司出钱让员工们去上潜水、攀岩等课程。硅谷工人大多年龄在二三十岁,许多还是单身,所以工作也是社交。

  让我们再来看一看500英里之外的微软总部redmond。5月中旬的一个星期五,已经是晚上6点30分了,坐落在青青草地中的30多幢微软大楼在夕阳照耀之下,加上点缀于其间的紫色、粉红色盛开的鲜花,显得异常美丽,就像一幅莫奈的画。但是也许没有人注意到,在微软800人的软件工具部门,超过一半的程序员仍然坐在计算机前,对很多人来说,这已经是一天中工作的第13个小时了。空空的咖啡杯子和放在人们座位后面的睡袋表明今晚又要通宵工作,明晚也会这样,还有后天晚上,也许一直到明年都会这样。

  是的,在因特网市场上,微软迟到了。redmond的每一个人都必须按因特网的节奏来办事。人们估算,因特网上的1年,大约相当于平常的7年。2月份成立的因特网平台与工具部,现在已经有2500人,比网景、雅虎和另外五个最大的凭因特网起家的公司全部加起来的人数还要多。微软正在全面出击。

  “这已经不是一个浏览器之战,而是一个新的电脑平台的问题。网景要想超越自我,就必须控制一个平台。"总部在洛杉矶的因特网服务商(isp)earthli<x>nk公司的总裁sky dayton如是说,“谁能定义新的标准,才是这场浏览器大战的根本原因。"

  得民心者得天下,网景拥有万维网开发人员的民心。但是微软为更大的用户群———为基于视窗的个人电脑写程序的软件人员提供软件工具和平台。

  微软自己开发的浏览器“因特网探索者"(internet explorer),简称ie已经被全美最大的两家网上服务商美国在线(america online)和compuserve公司选作主要浏览器,当时这两家在全世界的用户超过1000万人。盖茨说:“很快会有很多无线通讯公司和我们签合同,分发我们的浏览器。"

  那时候网景在股票市场上的价值超过40亿美元,为了保持这个价值,网景需要在因特网市场上保持绝对优势。尽管网景的主要收入来自万维网服务器,而不是浏览器,它们的客户多为公司,而不是个人,但输掉浏览器市场对网景是致命的。

  微软不仅威胁到网景的浏览器,而且也威胁它的服务器市场。微软的浏览器探索者是免费的。网景的领航员零售价为49美元,批发大约30~40美元,但如果同时买它的服务器的话,价钱会更便宜。

  微软在服务器市场也咄咄逼人。微软“免费附送"的服务器已经迫使网景把服务器价格压到了最低295美元,这就大大降低了利润,也直接威胁到了网景的营业额———除非低价格能给它带来更多新顾客。

  网景承认微软是它最大的对手,但不承认对手已经构成了巨大的威胁。“虽然它们的产品是免费的,在过去的6个月中,我们的市场占有率不是减小了,而是增加了。"网景负责市场宣传的副总裁麦克·侯默说。

  虽然大家都注意到微软在普通消费者市场上赢得了美国在线这样的大客户,但网景认为真正的战场在公司和企业。

  “真正的机会在大企业,"侯默说,“普通消费者市场虽然能给你带来知名度,但没有多少油水可捞。"他指出了网景的大客户,通用电器购买了10万用户席,AT&T有8万,3M(明州矿业与制造公司)和国家半导体各有1万用户。

  网景认为它们在技术上领先微软6个月,大多数分析家们也同意这个说法。

  浏览器大战的背后是对因特网如何适应电脑世界的两种根本相反的判断。因特网是一个全新的计算平台?还是只是现有个人电脑不断延伸的外部设备的一种?

  “我们在努力开发一个新平台,使之成为新一代联网应用软件的用武之地。"网景创建人之一马克·安德森在网景开发者大会上说,“开发者们可以把软件程序和内容有机地结合起来,在这个领域还没有任何占统治地位的应用软件。"

  盖茨则对浏览器技术不屑一顾,他说那是一个“非常简单的软件"。在微软看来,微机用户把因特网当作一个信息来源,就像他们平时用的打印机或扩音喇叭一样。

  微软会把万维网浏览器变成视窗操作系统的一部分,同样地,他们也会把万维网服务器融入下一代的windows nt当中去。

  giga(技嘉信息集团)的分析师们认为,对因特网意义的不同理解是微软和网景各自走不同道路的关键所在。“因特网只是微机上又一块儿硬盘吗?如果是这样,微软就很可能继续领先业界。除非战场改变,否则推翻市场上的领袖几乎是不可能的。"“如果因特网是一个新环境、新平台,那么网景和微软都有可能领导市场潮流。"

  浏览器大战的结果也将会影响更加诱人的万维网服务器和应用程序市场。虽然任何浏览器都应该和服务器兼容,这两个软件公司都有可能开发与它们自己的浏览器配合得最好的服务器。这个现象已经导致有人抱怨网景浏览器的功能增加太快,超出了因特网公认的标准。依仗市场占有率,网景把自己的许多创新变成了不成文的标准。

  同样地,由于网景的大力倡导,太阳公司的java技术也已经成为网上的热点。

  微软这时也一反常态,对建立因特网标准、设计协议等活动,表现得非常积极。微软在因特网市场上的咄咄逼人,显然也是对商业化联网服务的巨大潜力的肯定。同时也消除了商界对网景有可能垄断因特网开发工具市场的担心。总之,联网服务商们相信微软可以阻止网景在因特网应用软件上成为垄断者。

  要赢得这场浏览器大战,就必须在功能上领先对方。网景现在处于优势,它已经打败了地球上任何一家浏览器公司,虽然微软正在积极进攻。

第六回 上网服务烽烟骤起 美国在线渐成赢家

  “我跟那些还没有上网的人谈,他们之所以不上网是因为他们对电脑网络还存在着一种恐惧心理。"

  对于compuserve、prodigy和美国在线这三家最大的联网服务商来说,1994年是极不寻常的一年。电脑越来越便宜,调制解调器的速率也越来越快,大街小巷每个人都在谈论信息高速公路。最大的compuserve公司已经有了250万用户,新兴的美国在线公司一年内用户增加了200%,就连已经亏损10亿美元的prodigy也逐渐显露出盈利的迹象。联网市场的迅速成长自然逃不过华尔街的注意。投资者如果在1992年3月美国在线股票初次上市时买1万块钱的股票的话,3年以后那些股就价值16万元了。

  1992年美国在线股票上市的时候,只有15万用户,但第二年用户就猛增。部分原因是它的竞争对手之一prodigy错估了形势,在1993年提高了上网价格。美国在线抓住时机,一方面降低了价格,另一方面则大做广告,敦促prodigy的用户转到美国在线去。

  美国在线赢了。在prodigy每况愈下、compuserve心猿意马的时候,美国在线改进了它的上网系统,最先引进了视窗用户界面。它的对手们后来也增加了那些服务,但为时已晚,美国在线已经利用它的信誉与美国主流媒体大肆结盟。那时候传统的媒体公司虽然想涉足电脑网络,但却不愿担风险,正好通过美国在线来做试验,而美国在线不仅得以在它的网络上提供大量报刊杂志的电子版本,还得到了那些订报刊者的名单,为它日后通过邮寄广告争取新用户扫清了障碍。网络成员每月交9.95美元可以得到5个小时的上网时间,超过5小时,每小时2.95美元。根据会员在这些电子刊物上停留时间的长短,刊物提供者可以得到10%~20%的佣金。

  美国在线成功的秘诀其实很简单,那就是发现人们最想要什么,然后提供给他们。它的成功还得益于强有力的市场宣传,树立了与用户友好的公司形象。总裁凯思在这里起了关键性的作用,他对电脑技术一窍不通(?!),但从骨子里讲是一个买卖人,他的双脚深深地植根于大众当中。“我的世界的中心就是消费者,我们要成为互联网世界的可口可乐。"

  在美国这个商业社会里,任何事情一旦被认为有利可图,而且技术难度又不大,许多人就会蜂拥而上,联网服务也不例外。例外的是这些蜂拥而上的人当中,有一个就叫比尔·盖茨。微软在它即将发布的操作系统视窗95中为用户提供微软自己的联网服务———微软网络(msn)。“我们会让人们在选择联网服务商时更容易作决定。"微软这样说。

  美国在线总裁凯思闻讯后,立即与它的对手compuserve和prodigy联系,数家公司联名状告微软,说微软要垄断联网服务市场。在微软网络连一个用户都没有的时候,凯思就告它垄断!凯思说,微软的介入会造成不正当竞争,电脑与操作系统的关系就像电话机与电话服务一样。“你去商店里买一部电话机,机子里不会把电话公司给你事先设定好,你得自己选择你想要的电话服务公司。微软拥有85%的微机操作系统市场,它在操作系统里提供联网服务,就像是电话机买来就已定好了电话公司一样,这不利于竞争。"

  不管这场官司谁胜谁负,对美国在线来说,真正的挑战是:像纽约时报这样的媒体公司,已经开始建立自己独立的网络形象,怎样才能保持它们对美国在线的兴趣?

  如果说微软网络的威胁还不足以使用户和媒体离开美国在线的话,因特网本身就足以使凯思寝食不安了。万维网的兴起使得联网服务的三大要素———上网权、用户界面和信息内容有可能被分开来提供。各个公司可以在每一个方面单独竞争。事实上,1995年的时候,许多美国在线的媒体合作伙伴已经有了它们自己的网页,它们正在试验各种通过网页赚钱的方法。

  凯思虽然如履薄冰,但对外则说这些公司难成气候。他说,根据他10年来对消费者心理的研究,93%的人不愿意直接与联网服务各个环节的不同公司分别打交道。美国有6000万有线电视观众,而有线电视网中最著名的mtv(音乐电视)、cnn(有限电视新闻网)、espn(娱乐体育网)等都没有独立收费,而是与有线电视基本服务捆绑在一起卖给消费者的。“所以有线电视的成功就在于它简单、低廉的捆绑式的收费办法。联网世界又有什么理由不这样做呢?"

  凯思也不认为微软和那些因特网公司会收费更低或更容易使用,所以它们不会对大众消费者市场构成威胁。对于普通老百姓来说,让他们自己分别选择上网服务、用户界面以及订阅哪一家公司的网页将会是一件很头痛的事。凯思说:“我认为大约只有7%的人会这样。我跟那些还没有上网的人谈,他们之所以不上网是因为他们对电脑网络还存在着一种恐惧心理。我实在不认为把联网服务搞得更复杂,让他们去做那么多的选择会对这些人有帮助。"

  话虽这么说,美国在线还是迅速购买了一些因特网公司,并很快开始提供纯的上网服务。业界的分析家们对美国在线的种种努力均表示欣赏,但也不得不为凯思捏一把汗,因为这种做法跟当年的ibm很相似。ibm的主要收入来自大型机,但是当微机兴起时,ibm一直在对微机市场进行鼓励和培育。结果养虎遗患,最后把电脑界武林盟主的宝座拱手让给了微软和英特尔(简称wintel)。历史的经验表明,处于这种境地的公司是很难管理的。

  凯思却信心十足:因特网对美国在线是一个机会,而不是一个威胁万维网的爆炸性增长,给美国在线提供了无穷无尽的免费新内容,只要对这些内容稍加整理,把著名站点按主题分类,就可以向它的用户提供万维网最高质量的信息内容,这是非常有吸引力的好事。同时,美国在线把它的用户界面与万维网浏览器合二为一也收到了很好的效果。会员可以从美国在线的信息内容区进入万维网,这使得那些网页看起来像是美国在线自己的一样。很多人误以为美国在线和万维网是一回事。

  美国在线也在积极寻找新的收入来源。它们开始接受网上广告和电子商务,它们在多媒体技术、新颖的信息内容等方面大量投资,吸引了大批新用户。美国在线还模仿美国三大电视网的做法,自己制作网上节目,推出各种所谓的"频道",适应不同用户的兴趣。

  网上世界瞬息万变,美国在线能够审时度势,笑傲江湖吗?也许有的联网服务会比它便宜,有的公司有更先进的技术,但很难想象有哪一家公司能像美国在线那样把大众消费者的心理琢磨得这么透彻。美国在线的崛起证明联网服务领域不仅仅是技术的竞争,更是对普通人需求的理解程度的竞争。

第七回 浏览器后院起火 内部网三足鼎立
  

  “我从来没有想到会跟盖茨站在一起,因为我们是宿敌。但是想到这样做对公司有利,我就做了。”随着1996年的到来,人们普遍认为没有任何一家公司能比网景通讯公司更能代表因特网的前景。

  美国在线的首席执行官史蒂夫·凯思也非常想跟网景合作。美国在线可以用导航员来代替他们自己的浏览器,这种“博采众长”的做法对美国在线的发展壮大是至关重要的。此外,美国在线的决策层对网景普遍怀有一种亲切感。那时网景正与世界上最大的软件公司———微软一决雌雄。

  微软自1995年12月在西雅图会议中心对因特网宣战以来,已经全身心地投入到这场浏览器大战。为了得到美国在线这笔大生意,1995年11月,在一年一度的拉斯维加斯计算机商品交易会之前,盖茨居然打电话给凯思,邀请他到西部去讨论美国在线使用探索者浏览器事宜。

  这对美国在线的官员们来说简直是天方夜谭,“谁都想用网景,”工作室总裁泰德·列昂西斯说,“我们刚刚与微软网络争得你死我活,合作是根本不可能的。”

  凯思认为网景会非常愿意与美国在线做生意,这样网景的浏览器会天天被几百万美国在线的用户所使用,同时起到遏制微软的作用。1996年1月,凯思飞到加州,在巴克斯代尔家与他共进晚餐。他提议把美国在线的主浏览器换成网景的导航员,同时他认为网景没有充分利用其网页,提议让美国在线来制作和管理网景的主页。最后,为了强调两家公司的密切关系,凯思提出要成为网景的董事会成员。

  两周后,凯思得到了回复:网景对凯思的计划没有兴趣。巴克斯代尔告诉凯思,美国在线可以买网景的浏览器,绝对没有问题,但是网景愿意做的也仅限于此。

  凯思决定重新估价网景的导航员和微软的探索者。大卫·寇尔,美国在线的因特网主管带领公司的高级职员对这两笔生意做了仔细的权衡。

  从价钱上讲,网景坚持要美国在线付几百万美元,而且要按照用户的数量来付费。微软则愿意免费提供他们的浏览器。

  从技术上讲,网景不愿意为美国在线对导航员作任何大的修改,而微软则愿意对其浏览器做任何改动来适应美国在线的需求。

  再看看公司间的关系:寇尔说,“网景就好像是说‘美国在线必须跟我们打交道,因为我们有最先进的浏览器,并且微软是他们的宿敌。’”而微软在这方面也向美国在线屈从了。

  盖茨亮出的最后一张底牌使局面发生了根本性的变化。他愿意在视窗95桌面系统中加入一个文件夹,这个文件夹中会有一个注册美国在线服务的图标。这正是自1994年微软网络成立以来凯思梦寐以求的。

  从2月份到3月初,美国在线的决策层反复地研讨跟哪家公司做生意更有利。最后还是凯思拍了板:微软显然能提供更好条件。不过凯思仍然希望既跟微软合作,又让网景参与,甚至想把AT&T和sun也拉进来。

  3月11日,美国在线宣布与网景结盟。同一天,美国在线在隐瞒了与网景合作协议的情况下,同AT&T也达成协议。

  网景则立刻宣布他们的胜利。巴克斯代尔说“这个协议使我们立刻打入了消费者市场,美国在线500万用户有权使用网景的导航员。”但寇伯立刻把他的注意力转向了微软,希望能用他们与网景的协议来钓到一条更大更肥的鱼。一直忙到3月12日凌晨两点,美国在线与微软达成协议,探索者将是美国在线的主要浏览器。

  消息宣布之前,凯思打电话给巴克斯代尔,通知他美国在线与微软的协议。电话很短,“对不起,吉姆。”凯思说,“我能理解。”巴克斯代尔礼貌地说。但来自网景内部的消息证实,他当时的感觉是完全被堵在了圈外。

  不久,凯思就跟他的新伙伴比尔·盖茨一起参加记者电话会议。“在因特网这个领域,微软将成为我们最主要的技术合作伙伴。”凯思向记者们解释说。因为媒体还没有办法立即消化两个死对头突然之间变成铁哥们儿的事实。盖茨则说他注意到美国在线“创造了最成功的大众型上网服务,我们为能使数百万的视窗用户得到探索者而感到兴奋。”

  之后,凯思又飞往旧金山参加微软开发人员大会。事实上,与会者们并没有料到凯思会来,而且盖茨还与他一起走上台去让人们照相,借以表示他们新的伙伴关系对微软是何等重要。所有这些都使凯思感到晕眩。“我从来没想会跟盖茨站在一起,因为我们是宿敌,但是想到这样做对公司有利,我就做了。”凯思后来回忆道,“当然,那种感觉很奇怪。”

  这事对网景而言,就不仅仅是奇怪了。

  在微软跟美国在线结盟的消息宣布的当天,网景的官员对新闻界声称微软与美国在线的合作并不比他们与美国在线的合作好到哪儿去。后来当别人都看出网景在这件事上被微软“涮”了的时候,网景的董事长吉姆·克拉克客气地向记者承认,凯思“像一条变色龙,就像任何一个好的生意人一样,他会根据市场的需求,随时地变化。”

  网景的首席执行官巴克斯代尔一定读过三国,他知道在浏览器市场上与微软打持久战结果很有可能是二虎相争,两败俱伤,于是决定转移战场,为微软引入新的竞争对手。

  1996年3月,网景发布了suitespot服务器,这一新的版本具有群件功能。网景认为真正有钱可赚的是企业网(intranet)市场,而不是因特网市场。企业网是指一个公司用因特网技术建立起来的内部信息系统,它提供万维网服务,支持超文本语言,公司员工可以通过它交流信息,共同工作。企业网市场最好的软件是ibm的lotus notes,微软这方面类似的产品叫back office。网景把微软引入内联网市场是想让它多一个强大竞争对手ibm,借此减轻浏览器市场的竞争压力。同时企业网市场的确有着广阔的前景。巴克斯代尔预言:到2000年网景将拥有1/3的内联网市场,电子邮件和群件是内联网的主要软件。

  但一位分析家说,“网景在进入浏览器市场时几乎没有人和他们竞争,而现在它要与地球上两个最大、最坏、最凶猛的家伙竞争。”这两个“坏家伙”自然是指微软和ibm。比尔·盖茨则直言不讳地说,网景犯了巨大的错误。

  网景对这个新战场却充满信心。网景在一份白皮书中写道:与ibm、微软的同类产品相比,网景具有许多优势。

  不久,微软也发布了类似的白皮书。他们这样做的目的当然是要从气势上压倒对方。

  由于这三家公司各有所长,企业网市场很快形成了三足鼎立的局面。然而,企业网市场毕竟需要一定的时间才能成熟起来,网景作为华尔街的新宠,它必须要在尽可能短的时间内广开财源,最大限度地增加收入。

第八回 搜索引擎难以盈利 网景主页苦撑危局

  这就是症结所在———在这样一个万众瞩目的市场中,投资者们把信任和金钱投到了四家几乎提供同样服务的公司中。

  由于网景股票上市的成功,投资者们对任何与因特网沾边的公司都充满希望。1996年,因特网类股票上市数量与总价值都创了记录。其中最引人注目的就是所谓的搜索引擎公司。这一年春夏之交上市的yahoo!、infoseek、excite和lycos四家公司总共发行了价值1.7亿美元的新股。

  到1996年冬天,人们估计因特网上总共已经有了9000万个网页,每天有17万个新网页出现。由于万维网上的信息混乱无序,搜索网站已经成为网上最受欢迎的一类网站。这些网站赚钱的方法不是向用户收取使用费,而是通过他们的网站为商家提供广告,收取巨额的广告费。

  因特网的爆发式增长要求各公司几乎天天要重新考虑他们的营运策略。在搜索引擎公司股票上市后很短时间里,他们的营运计划就过时了。同时通过因特网做广告已挣不了多少钱。到1997年第二季度,这四家公司的总收入只有1620万美元,而它们的总亏损却超过了1640万美元。

  问题出在什么地方呢?网上书店亚马逊公司总裁杰夫·比佐在上述四家搜索网站上做广告,但他觉得还是印刷广告才真正吸引客户。他说:“如果你看到过几次印刷广告,然后又看到了网上的旗帜式广告,也许会决定从网上购买。但是如果只在网上看到过广告,你就无法判断它是个皮包公司还是真正的公司。"

  这也许就是为什么商家们没有把大量广告费花在因特网上的原因。1997年美国的广告消费总价值是1740亿美元,其中只有3.12亿美元用于网上广告。分析家们认为只有少数搜索引擎公司会生存下来,很多人认为yahoo!现在占上风,但是yahoo!的股票价格在1997年上半年却一直低迷不振。

  两年前,yahoo!还仅仅是斯坦福大学两位身居陋室的博士生的业余项目。1994年,华裔学生杨致远和美国人大卫·费罗共同创建了一个网站。当时他们的博士研究课题是计算机辅助半导体电路设计,与因特网风马牛不相及。他们凭着兴趣和热情把万维网上的网站分门别类,按照他们杜撰的分类法建立了一个网站目录。网民们很快发现了这个网站,并且访问的人越来越多。杨和费罗干脆放弃了博士学业,专心致志地建网站。他们把这个网站命名为yahoo!。1995年4月,他们吸引了100万美元的风险投资。一年之后,yahoo!股票首发,疯狂的投资者们认定这将是下一个网景,股票被炒上了天。两位创始人每人拥有价值1.3亿多美元的股份。

  起初,公司的宗旨很简单———创立名牌。也该他们走运,网景公司的马克·安德森当时非常喜欢yahoo!的网站目录,1995年1月,他把网景浏览器一个最重要的按钮———网上搜索指向了yahoo!。当网景浏览器的用户按那个按钮时,他会被自动地带到yahoo!的网站。直到1995年12月,网景才意识到yahoo!的网站是一棵摇钱树,它修改了网络搜索按钮,当人们按下网络搜索键时,将会看到5家搜索引擎公司的名字,而每家引擎成为预设的搜索框的几率是一样的,即20%。为此,每家搜索引擎公司要向网景缴纳500万美元的年费。

  领航员的成功使得yahoo!迅速名震万维网。到1996年的第二季度末,每天已经有200万网民造访yahoo!,累计每天1400万次。其中有75%是回头客。但杨致远并不满足于仅仅拥有一个可以吸引回头客的名牌。他说,“如果我们是个软件工具公司,就会被微软挤垮,如果我们是一个出版物,就像《时代》周刊一样有一批忠实的读者,就会长期发展下去。"他力图使yahoo!超越搜索引擎的想法得到了日本媒体业巨头softbank公司的支持。 1996年4月,softbank投资1.06亿美元,获得了yahoo!37%的股份。借着softbank的媒体背景,杨致远发布了两项新的产品,一份叫《yahoo!因特网生活》的印刷版杂志,一个叫《yahoo!计算》的提供电脑信息的网站。yahoo!还打进了电视领域,还跟一些传统的出版物合作。但是,这些努力并没有在当年为yahoo!带来任何盈利,也没有把它的股票价格抬上去,甚至没能从根本上改变人们对yahoo!的印象。然而, yahoo!已经做得很不错了:公司有不少令人敬仰的管理人材,有一套完整的营销策略,最重要的是还有1亿美元的现金。一位分析家说:“yahoo!在很多方面都已经领先同行,把它与其他的搜索引擎相提并论是不恰当的。"

  真正可以一争的是第二把交椅。这将是个残酷的竞争,参战者包括infoseek、lycos和excite。具有讽刺意义的是,虽然这三家公司的目的是要把自己跟竞争对手区别开来,它们却在服务上越来越相似。除了搜索功能外,每个公司的网站都提供新闻、体育比赛的结果、天气预报、股市情况等等。在这些公司中,最不稳定的是excite。这家公司在1996年的上半年就花掉了3000万美元,用于公司兼并、建立盟友和广告宣传上。excite还斥资数百万美元用于电视广告。这些举动的确引人注目,但也非常危险。它的成功取决于能否从yahoo!那里挖到客户。

  这就是症结所在。在这样一个万众瞩目的市场中,投资者们把他们的信任和金钱投到了四家几乎提供同样服务的公司中。股票首发使得这些搜索引擎公司有一定的时间去把自己转型为新的公司,而且它们也确有可能成功。但是不管怎样掩饰,它们的产品和服务变得越来越像大路货,而因特网上的广告费也少得可怜。搜索引擎作为一个行业,只能是海市蜃楼。yahoo!是这一行的盟主,而第二把交椅可能根本没有位置可放。

  在这场残酷的竞争中,网景是唯一一个可以坐山观虎斗的公司。然而,虽然网景在这方面赚了很多钱,但来自微软的压力不断增大,在浏览器软件上收入的增长速度在迅速放慢。为了弥补这种收入上的不足,为了取悦华尔街,为了增加收入,网景决定在1997年5月的新版领航员浏览器上增加一个叫guide的按钮,这个按钮的背后是由yahoo!编排的内容,yahoo!为此交了500万美元的定金,并保证如果这个网站能吸引足够多的读者的话,在未来的两年中为网景带来至少2500万美元的广告收入。超过2500万的那部分收入则由两家公司共享。这一决定一宣布,网景的股票立刻像是被打了一针强心剂,当天大涨。对于 yahoo!在这笔生意中表现出来的乐观态度,华尔街则有点儿丈二和尚摸不着头脑。然而在强手如云的搜索引擎市场,如果没有这样的大手笔,又怎能维持自己的盟主地位呢?

  
第九回 邪恶帝国寸土必争 曼克里尼步步为营

  “我挂了电话后,一个同事问我,‘他想干什么?'我说,‘教父刚才打电话说不要再在他管辖的街头巷尾卖毒品了。'"

  微软借助自己在微机市场的霸主地位,把它的探索者ie浏览器与视窗95捆绑发行,而且完全免费,并推出了免费的万维网服务器。微软财大气粗,根本无意在挤垮网景之前从因特网市场赚钱。

  微软对网景的蚕食策略,很快引起了美国司法部反垄断部门的注意,他们随即宣布对微软的竞争方法进行调查。根据美国反垄断法的规定,当一家公司控制了某一产品的绝大部分市场时,这家公司不能够利用其在这一产品市场的优势来强迫客户购买它的其他产品,或不购买它的竞争对手其他方面的产品。微软以其在操作系统市场的统治地位来对付网景,于是构成了违反反垄断法的嫌疑。

  许多工商业界的大头们都在某种程度上依靠微软来提供信息和技术,或是在他们未来的职业生涯中会依靠微软。在司法部对微软的反垄断调查过程中,常常遇到的问题就是这些工业界的大头们不愿意公开地指责微软。但还是有人敢于公开自己的身份,比如sybase公司的总裁米歇尔·克茨曼。1996年,克茨曼在一个规模盛大的业界会议上发表讲话,宣称与微软结盟是他的首要任务之一。但是克茨曼说他后来发现与虎谋皮的滋味并不好受。他说他那时接到的一通电话就足以说明问题。但微软则根本不承认打过这样的电话。

  按照克茨曼的说法,1997年4月,syba<x>se宣布了一个处理转账的软件叫jaguarcts,这个软件与微软的一项产品竞争。几天以后,他接到了微软副总裁david vaskevitch的电话。这位副总裁说他对syba<x>se宣传和定位jaguar的方式深表关切。克茨曼于是问他,“那你觉得我们应该怎样重新定位 jaguar呢?"回答是:“不要把它定位成是与微软竞争的产品,而要定位成微软标准的支持者。"

  克茨曼曾经非常羡慕微软与其他软件开发商的关系,但这次他却觉得不寒而栗。“我挂了电话后,一个同事问我,‘他想干什么?'我说,‘教父刚才打电话说不要再在他管辖的街头巷尾卖毒品了。'"

  微软的vaskevitch先生说根本没有那回事儿,他说自己崇尚开放式的交流和与竞争对手平等相处。

  美国司法部的确很担心人们不敢站出来讲话。司法部当时正在调查微软把它的浏览器与操作系统捆绑是否违反了他们与微软1995年达成的一项谅解。司法部同时也想取消一些微软与其他公司签署的保密协定的合法性,因为这些协定可能要求那些公司在向司法部透露任何有关的情况时,先向微软通报。微软自然不承认它违反了那项谅解,并说它与其他公司的协定怎样规定是它的权利。

  从司法部已经公开的诉状中我们可以看到,康柏、gateway以及micron等pc制造商都先后修改过他们的证词。但他们强调说要不是司法部再三要求,他们是不会与微软当庭对质的。

  在反微软阵营中,最敢于仗义直言、从不退缩的只有一个人:太阳公司的掌门思考特·曼克尼里。这位掌门人从不放过任何机会对微软和比尔·盖茨极尽讽刺谩骂之能事,下面我们来看一看他的一些言论。

  “in the world of no fences,who needsgates?"(“在一个没有围墙的世界里,谁还会需要门呢?")

  盖茨———gates在英文中的意思是“门",java使得软件开发人员只要写一次,就可以在任何计算机和操作系统中运行,所以有了java,信息产业界就没有任何围墙了。

  “there are only two industries call theircustomers users,one is drug dealers,one is software."(“世界上只有两个行当称自己的客户为‘用户',一个是毒品贩子,一个是软件。")

  把卖软件与卖毒品相提并论,意指人们需要不断地购买软件的升级版本,而微软的软件会让人越来越陷入微软的诱惑中不能自拔。太阳公司则主要是靠卖硬件来赚钱。

  在一次电脑业界的大会上,曼克尼里向与会者展示太阳公司的新产品,当需要输入口令时,曼克尼里告诉人们,口令是:“sayno2nt(对nt说不)"。

  这些言论听起来像是一个喜剧演员的台词,而实际上却是一场几十亿美元的豪赌,它甚至赌的是商用电脑和家用电脑的未来。当然,这场豪赌的背后有着深厚的商业原因。曼克尼里拥有当今计算机业界最时髦的技术———java,他的支持者则几乎是计算机业界的一部名人录:ibm、oracle、网景、苹果等等。所有这些公司都对微软又憎又怕。曼克尼里的这个策略可以一直追溯到90年代初,那时候计算机领域发生的巨变,使曼克尼里意识到太阳公司的真正对手是比尔· 盖茨。当时,太阳等公司基于unix操作系统的计算机一年只能卖出去不到100万台,而基于视窗操作系统的个人计算机则一年卖出去近1000万台。

  盖茨当时在鼓吹一个视窗系统的新版本,叫windowsnt,nt就是"新技术"的意思。nt当时并不存在,但是盖茨的名气越来越大,他几乎可以向媒体鼓吹任何他想要说的东西。所以计算机产业的游戏规则就改变了,光靠严格的管理和先进的技术,太阳已无法立于不败之地。为了改变人们对太阳公司产品的技术方向已经过时这一印象,曼克尼里必须加强宣传攻势。他开始避开太阳的直接竞争对手,如ibm、惠普、dec、sgi等工作站制造商,把枪口对准了微软。他于1995年成功地劝说司法部对微软进行反垄断调查。曼克尼里并非只知道硬打硬拼,是他力主把java使用权卖给微软。

  那么微软和太阳成为盟友了吗?不,在微软的宪法中,从来不允许简单照搬别人的技术。从java现世的头一天起,盖茨就说那只不过是"一个比较有趣的程序设计语言"。与此同时,盖茨分派了大量的程序员日夜不停地试图"发展(extend)"java。曼克尼里则竭尽全力要使java变成一个商用软件的操作平台,这样就会削弱视窗系统的地位。作为一个硬件制造商,曼克尼里开始鼓吹网络计算机。

  如果说微软的成长史给人们留下一个启示的话,那就是:任何认为凭借先进技术就能打败微软的人,都是很愚蠢的。ibm没有做到,苹果没有做到,网景看来也不行,曼克尼里恐怕也难以例外。

  太阳和微软两家公司争得如此不可开交,以至于一位分析家说计算机领域的商战简直成了“单项奥林匹克"。曼克尼里也口出狂言:“世界上只有两家计算机公司,一家是wintel,另一家是太阳。"问题是,在这场比赛中,谁是规则的制定者,谁只是一个参赛者呢?

第十回 告微软太阳自危 争java惠普入局

  就在javaone大会召开的前几天,惠普公司突然宣布他们将开发具有自主版权的java虚拟机jvm,同时惠普宣布微软已经购买了惠普的这项新技术,准备用于它的视窗ce操作系统。

  太阳公司认为他们是java无可争议的规则的制定者。1997年9月,太阳公司首席执行官曼克里尼在一次电视采访中警告微软,如果微软的java实现方式与其他厂商继续不保持一致,太阳可能收回微软对java的使用权。然而微软并没有理会这些警告,仍然按照既定方针办,日夜不停地开发只能在视窗系统上运行的java功能。

  1997年10月7日,太阳公司在加州圣荷塞市联邦法院就java技术状告微软:侵犯商标权,做虚假广告,违反合同以及不正当竞争,请求法庭下令微软停止“不恰当”地使用“与java兼容”的商标,并要微软不再误导广大的java开发人员,使他们能够开发与java标准兼容的软件。太阳说他们与微软的合同中明确规定微软必须通过java的兼容性测试,而新近发布的探索者4.0版本及其软件开发工具箱sdk没有通过这些测试。太阳同时宣布,即日起停止向微软供应任何新的java技术。微软的发言人则不以为然,说这是太阳自己疑神疑鬼,草木皆兵。他说微软sdk中明确标明了哪些部分是只能在视窗系统中使用的,稍微翻一翻用户手册就能明白。一位太阳的官员解释说:“太阳作为java技术的监护人,它有责任保护太阳和其他数百家公司在java技术上的巨额投资,我们必须通过法律手段来保护java技术的其他购买者、java工业和太阳的股东。”

  曼克尼里也说:“我们必须代表太阳的股东来维护java的商标权。难道可口可乐会让你拿着他们的商标随便改动吗?”这位太阳的掌门人表示他们是在跟微软协商解决争端无效的情况下才决定对簿公堂的。太阳要求微软赔偿3500万美元的损失费,外加诉讼费和律师费。为了证明太阳的观点,太阳在自己的网站上首次公开了太阳与微软的合同书全文以及太阳诉状的全文。合同规定微软每年向太阳缴纳350万美元的使用费,为期5年。

  一位业界的分析家认为,微软完全有可能放弃java技术,“一年前微软觉得要想竞争就只有购买java技术,别无他途,而今天情况已经大不相同了。” 所以太阳这次大张旗鼓地与微软斗法,着实是一招险棋,这一举动很可能断送掉java技术的前程。因为如果微软赢了这场官司的话,太阳就完全丧失了其 java技术护花使者的地位,很有可能使java的开发工作陷入混乱。即使太阳赢了,给微软造成的直接损失也不大。当然,最可能出现的情况是庭外和解。对微软来说,实在没有必要为这种事长期耗下去,微软可以轻易地使探索者与java标准兼容。

  通常,这种专利商标侵权类的案子,被告都会反诉。不出所料,微软在三个星期后对太阳的诉状正式做出了反应,微软反诉了太阳。在长达35页的反诉状中,微软拒绝承认太阳的任何指控,并反诉太阳违反合同,破坏合同中的平等原则和以诚相待的原则,以及进行不正当竞争。“太阳散布关于我们的产品和我们两家公司的关系的言论都是不正确的。”一位微软的发言人说,“我们需要在市场方面和法律方面澄清这些事实。”这位发言人还说,自从18个月前太阳与微软签署这项合同以来,太阳已经改变了它的初衷,“太阳的野心比以前大了很多———他们想要制造一个处于操作系统和应用程序之间的中间层。”

  时光推移到1998年的3月。一年一度的javaone大会即将在旧金山举行。3月20日,就在javaone大会召开的前几天,惠普公司突然宣布他们将开发具有自主版权的java虚拟机jvm,同时宣布微软已经购买了惠普的这项新技术,准备用于它的视窗ce操作系统。java技术的控制权受到了更为严峻的挑战。惠普说它与太阳在java上的分歧主要是在嵌入式系统方面,并声称他们将在嵌入式系统中java技术的实现上与太阳一决雌雄。通过与微软的 java技术转让合同,惠普在这场java技术争夺战中正式地公开倒向了微软阵营。这将意味着在小型装置中将同时并存几种版本的java虚拟机,而小型装置上的java技术显然代表着一个巨大的市场。

  太阳在当天做出的反应只是说:“我们在研究惠普的声明,我们希望惠普没有违背当时与我们的合同。如果有问题的话,我们希望通过协商解决。”惠普入局的消息被华尔街认为是对太阳公司java战略的又一打击,太阳股票当天跌了两美元。第二天,太阳又做出了新的反应。太阳的官员说,惠普的举动从侧面证明了 java技术对计算机工业的重要性,太阳认为惠普在做的只是一个太阳虚拟机的克隆,这个jvm是与太阳的技术相互兼容的。太阳将与惠普展开竞争,争取做出比惠普更好的虚拟机。“我们的版权声明允许他们制造克隆,”太阳的一位副总裁说,“我们不介意扮演英特尔的角色,如果他们愿意成为amd。”

  这天,华尔街股市又把太阳的股票炒回到原来的水平。同样一件事,在惠普的解释中,对太阳就是一件坏事,第二天被太阳重新解释一下,坏事就变成了好事。硅谷商战就是这样瞬息万变。失之毫厘,则可能差之千里。

  3月24日,javaone大会如期在旧金山召开,与会的软件开发人员多达14000人,可谓盛况空前。凑巧的是这一天太阳与微软的官司也有了新眉目:一位联邦法官宣布,微软需要暂时从它的浏览器中取消与java兼容的声明,并去掉上面的java商标,等待最后的判决。

  在太阳与微软的这场官司中,许多不为人知的内幕被透露了出来。比如,由于害怕太阳的java技术有可能削弱视窗系统的统治地位,微软最高领袖亲自参与了与太阳争夺盟友的竞赛。比尔·盖茨在一份内部文件中曾说:“java可以让电脑用户在没有视窗系统的情况下运行很多很多程序,这可把我给吓坏了。”

  1998年11月17日,联邦法院做出一审判决,如果微软发出的产品包括了java技术的话,微软必须在90天内修改这些产品来满足太阳的兼容性测试。联邦法官还认为微软使用了不正当的竞争手段,但同时要求太阳以1500万美元作担保,如果最后判决对太阳不利的话,太阳将损失这些保证金。判决显然对微软极其不利。因为此时微软正在华盛顿与司法部进行一场反垄断诉讼,详情将在本书另一回中叙述。微软接到判决书后说,他们有能力在90天内执行法庭的判决。

  1998年11月20日,微软向苹果和unix版本的探索者浏览器用户发出通知,微软将取消这些版本的探索者对java的支持。去掉java虚拟机的浏览器将无法运行从万维网上下载的java小应用程序。此举显然是为了执行联邦法庭的判决。微软今后怎样处理java与太阳的关系,势必成为另一个商战经典。

  
第十一回 扑朔迷离新媒体 点石成金杨致远

  科什没有吹牛,但是杨致远很清楚,库构后来也明白的是:他们之间的竞赛已经不是有关搜索引擎的竞赛,而是看谁能够最好地帮助网民们找到他们想知道的信息。

  1996年11月25日,搜索引擎领域发生了一件令人震惊的事情:全美最大的上网服务商美国在线决定使用excite作为其唯一的搜索及目录技术的提供者。消息传出,excite股票当天大涨了61%。这一举动将使美国在线拥有的excite股份从12%提高到20%,且美国在线将在excite的董事会中拥有一个席位。这个协议使excite成为唯一出现在700万美国在线用户面前的搜索引擎。作为回报,美国在线将负责经营与此相关的广告,并得到 excite支持的、美国在线搜索服务广告收入的主要部分。

  消息发布的当天,excite股票涨了3.75美元,达到9.875美元,而且还带动了其他搜索引擎公司股票的上扬。分析家们认为,美国在线的介入,正说明搜索引擎是一个有效的广告平台,因特网是一种新的媒体。事实上,这笔交易的意义还远不止于此,它实际上标志着搜索引擎公司从单纯的技术上的竞争转向了商业策略的斗智斗勇,竞争的范围从网上搜索扩大到了新媒体的各个层面。史蒂夫·凯思进入excite董事会后,立即开始推动excite向媒体方向发展。凯思先是把美国在线服务的“频道”概念兜售给了excite,这里所谓的“频道”,其实就是一种变相的网站目录,叫它“频道”是为了增加其媒体色彩。既然是一种媒体,就不必局限于搜索和目录,只要是能吸引网民,能增加访问量的服务,公司就应该提供。于是excite很快增加了网上聊天、即时消息传递、免费电子邮件等等。

  作为媒体公司,其他的搜索引擎也在发生微妙的变化。我们来看一看infoseek。1995年11月,罗宾·约翰逊辞去了他在时代公司副总裁的职位,受聘于infoseek。他的职责是把infoseek从一个技术型公司转变为媒体公司。公司的创始人史蒂夫·科什是一位硅谷元老,凭着一个硅谷实业家敏锐的洞察力,科什感到infoseek要想成功,就必须实现一个大的转型,就必须效仿电视、广播这样的媒体,吸引尽可能多的用户,进而靠广告赚钱。

  一年之后,约翰逊跟科什之间的矛盾也逐渐显现出来。约翰逊希望把最好的工程师用在对网上广告的分析上,他希望知道哪些人对哪些广告更感兴趣,科什则希望最好的工程师去开发新一代的搜索引擎;约翰逊认为,infoseek需要尽量节省开支,争取用股票上市征集到的钱维持较长的时间,打持久战,一直到把 excite,lycos等资金不如infoseek雄厚的竞争对手拖垮,最终达到盈利的目的,科什却坚持要以扩大公司的市场占有率为主。

  约翰逊和科什经营观念的不同是典型的媒体工业界与新媒体领域的差异。在传统的媒体领域,内容至上,记者和编辑是最宝贵的。在新媒体领域,真正重要的不是那些文字内容,而是支持这些文字内容的软件工具和各种网上交易。搞技术的人很容易就能适应网络媒体的这些新特点,约翰逊来自传统媒体公司,他不能够很容易地接受这种新媒体文化。他很快发现节省开支,拖垮对手的策略不能奏效,excite逐渐在市场占有率上赶了上来,公司收入的增长率大大超过了 infoseek。与此同时,约翰逊与科什的矛盾也日趋激烈。1997年4月约翰逊离开了infoseek。

  雅虎的总裁替姆·库构就是非媒体业出身。45岁的库构早年毕业于斯坦福大学,在摩托罗拉做了9年的工程师。库构对搜索引擎一窍不通。有一次他在一个业界会议上偶然碰到infoseek的科什,科什对他说,infoseek的搜索引擎比雅虎的要快5秒钟。库构一听大惊,赶忙跑回去问杨致远,“他说的对吗?”

  科什没有吹牛。但是杨致远很清楚,库构后来也明白是:他们之间的竞赛已经不是有关搜索引擎的竞赛,而是看谁能够最好地帮助网民们找到他们想知道的信息。

  最早意识到搜索引擎只是新媒体的冰山一角的当然也是雅虎。天才的市场宣传加上近乎完美的实现目标的方式,使得雅虎始终保持了业界的盟主地位。雅虎网站的访问者迅速超过了所有其他的搜索引擎,从1997年起,甚至超过了美国在线、微软、甚至网景的网站。雅虎的成功很大程度上应当归功于杨致远的运筹帷幄。杨认为干这一行最最重要、最最基本的东西就是:让用户有足够多的理由来访问你的网站,使用你提供的服务,要不顾一切地宣传自己的品牌。不久,雅虎斥资 500万美元做电视广告。雅虎的广告是针对那些听说过万维网,但是还没有上网的人。广告播出之前,大约只有8%的美国人能说出雅虎是干什么的,甚至有人认为它是饮料。广告播出后,知道雅虎的人就大大增加了。雅虎对网景网站的依赖也日益地减小。1997年10月,雅虎花了8100万买下411———一家提供基于万维网的免费电子邮件服务的公司。

  各种免费的服务、凌厉的宣传攻势、加上经人工筛选过的网站目录,使雅虎比其他任何竞争对手都更有吸引力。到1997年年底时,日平均访问量达到 9000多万人次,比它的其他竞争对手日访问量的总和还要多。从1997年第四季度开始,雅虎逐渐得到网上广告客户的认同。截止到1997年年底,雅虎已拥有1700家客户,与1996年初的112家客户相比,雅虎的生意已经发生了质的变化,收入也翻了三番,达到6700万美元,如果不考虑对411公司的兼并,雅虎就已经可以盈利250万美元了。

  其实,从1997年下半年起,搜索引擎公司的股票就出现了大幅的反弹,这一方面是这些公司苦心经营的结果,也是因特网用户行为的一个微妙变化使然。这个变化就是浏览与搜索地位的变化。因特网之初,用户行为是以浏览为主,随着因特网的飞速普及,网络用户逐渐学会了利用搜索引擎,他们熟悉了一些优秀的站点,因而在网上的浏览就更有了针对性。搜索与浏览关系的微妙变化也在华尔街股市上反映出来。1997年的第三季度,搜索引擎盟主雅虎的市值首次超过了浏览器大王网景。

  新媒体,或者说因特网公司股票的飙升,使得很多华尔街的金融分析家们大跌眼镜。1998年雅虎被认为每股会盈利32美分,这样算下来雅虎的市盈率竟高达305,相比之下,信息产业界的武林至尊微软52的市盈率真是小巫见大巫了。雅虎上市两年来,其股价比当初定下的首次公开发售价已翻了23倍,杨致远的个人财产也迅速突破了10亿美元大关。

  没有一个成功的企业可以单靠热情和执着能建立起来。令总裁库构佩服的是杨致远和大卫·费罗的高瞻远瞩。“这两个人知道怎样把他们创建的东西转化为一个真正的商业性企业,懂得消费者需要什么。”库构说。关于雅虎的股票,他也有自己的说法:“我很难同意雅虎股票已经太高了的论断。我们正在把雅虎变成任何人在网上做任何事情所需要去的唯一的网站。在网络以外,没有哪一家公司有如此巨大的竞争优势。”

第十二回 媒体大腕跑马圈地 网络之门笑傲江湖

  网络之门的竞争是残酷的,而要想在这场竞争中不被淘汰出局,除了勇气和智慧之外,还需要付出常人无法想象的艰辛。

  1998年6月9日,美国通用电器集团拥有的全国广播公司nbc宣布与cnet(一家专门报道计算机消息的媒体公司)结盟,共同合作开发cnet的网络之门———snap。

  消息一公布,华尔街为之振奋不已,主流媒体公司以兼并形式染指网络之门的传说终于被证明是事实。nbc居然看上了名不见经传的snap公司!对网络之门持怀疑态度的人们又一次大跌眼镜。nbc的出手,使投资者们更加相信,传统媒体公司与新媒体公司的合作与竞争才只是露出冰山一角。人们纷纷猜测,继 snap之后会有更大的事件发生。

  1998年6月18日,股市开盘之前,迪斯尼和infoseek联合宣布迪斯尼将收购一部分infoseek的股份。

  传统媒体正式大举进逼因特网站!

  自从4月份迪斯尼董事长麦克·埃森内尔暗示说要参与网络之门的争夺以后,人们就一直在猜测这个头号媒体公司会对哪家网络公司下手。现在迪斯尼回答了这个问题,他们选中了infoseek。

  这笔交易的具体内容如下:

  infoseek将发给迪斯尼2580万股股票,按照当天的收市价,这些股票价值大约8.63亿美元。

  作为回报,迪斯尼将把它刚刚完成收购的starwave公司转让给infoseek,另外再付给infoseek 7000万美元。

  迪斯尼得到的股票将占infoseek全部股票数量的43%,infoseek董事会中8个董事席位要有3个给迪斯尼。

  迪斯尼将花1.39亿美元来获取进一步对infoseek的控制权。具体地说,在今后3年的时间里,迪斯尼将有权购买更多的infoseek股票,直至迪斯尼拥有50.1%的股份为止。

  infoseek将在今后的5年中斥资1.65亿美元购买迪斯尼公司各个部门的广告,用来宣传infoseek与迪斯尼将合作开发的一个新的网络之门———这就是后来的gonetwork。

  事实上infoseek用价值8亿美元的自己的股票来购买starwave公司,而迪斯尼当初只花了3.5亿美元,所以迪斯尼通过倒手 starwave公司赚了一笔钱。这还不算,迪斯尼将来还能从广告收入中收回1.65亿美元,并且,这项协议将最终使迪斯尼拥有对infoseek的支配权,所以这项协议对迪斯尼来说是非常划算的,它终于在因特网最有前途的领域———网络之门中占有了一席之地。

  那么infoseek又得到了什么呢?一句话:生存。infoseek在过去的几个月中处境相当危险。迪斯尼可以通过它拥有的电台、电视台(如 abc)来宣传infoseek,这将使infoseek在竞争中具有很大的优势。另外,这项协议也使infoseek获得了丰富的信息内容,如abc. com,abc news.com和espn体育区,这将使infoseek在网络之门的竞争中与众不同。一年前,36岁的马超初到infoseek时还是满头乌发,而现在的他头发却是灰白相间了。网络之门的竞争是残酷的,而要想在这场竞争中不被淘汰出局,除了勇气和智慧之外,还需要付出常人无法想象的艰辛。

  然而这个世界上竞争最激烈的商业领域,真正的问题是:谁能生存下来?

  业界的分析家们一般认为,再过两年,最多有四五个网络之门能生存下来。虽然网上广告市场在不断扩大,但是这个市场最多只能支持几个像雅虎这样规模的公司。

  搜索引擎的作用是把用户送到他们要找的网站去,也就是用户要离开搜索引擎的网站本身。要成为网络之门争霸战中的胜者,光靠搜索引擎是不够的。让用户不断地回到你的网站的办法并不神秘。到1998年8月已拥有1300万用户的美国在线早就看到了这一点,现在这些网络之门也开始模仿美国在线的方法了。它们增加了聊天室、免费电子邮件、免费个人网站等服务,希望借此建立起一个网上社区。“毫无疑问,在万维网上,lycos拥有社区这个空间。”lycos总裁罗伯特·戴维斯宣称,“当别人都在沉睡时,我们就控制了网上社区。”

  这话其实说得大了点儿。8月份,美国在线推出了hometown aol,这就是一个个人网页建设的服务。一周之后,excite发布了excite communities的试用版,这项服务允许人们在网上建立俱乐部,具有共同兴趣的人可以相互交谈,发布消息等。第二天,也就是8月17日,雅虎宣布了 yahoo!club,提供的服务几乎与excite相同。迪斯尼支持的网络之门———infoseek也在开发同类产品。虽然每个公司都给他们的服务起一个不同的名字,但是这些服务都是完全一样的。

  这种雷同并不是巧合。cnet总裁说,“这不是什么秘密,每个人都把自己的竞争对手的网页贴在墙上,你不能抄袭的东西并不多。”

  当然,抄袭的意思也在逐渐地发生变化,抄袭越来越多地表示收购其他的公司。自从这些被认为是网络之门的公司股票价格被炒上天之后,它们就可以用股票来收购那些适合自己口味的小公司。snap和infoseek最近都通过发行股票给大的媒体公司来获得现钱,并为自己找一个靠山。更多的公司可能会走相同的道路。

  分析家们一直在猜测谁能够坚持到最后而战胜对手。一部分人认为雅虎、微软和美国在线会成为最后的赢家。另外一些人认为最安全的赌注应该下在美国在线和迪斯尼上。在8月18日发表的一份研究报告中,著名投资银行哥得曼·萨克思的股票分析家认为美国在线、雅虎、网景、微软和excite将保持前五名的位置。还有一部分人则直言:谁愿意多花钱,树立一个强有力的品牌,谁就能赢。

  当然,战局随时都有可能发生变化。大媒体公司巨额的投资可以使一个本来没有什么希望的网络之门实力大增。snap就是这样一个例子。还有,网民们也许最终会习惯使用多个网站,而不是干什么都去一个包罗万象的网络之门。在竞争中失败的网络之门不会破产,而是蜕化成某种专业化的网站生存下来。

  今后的几个月到一年的时间将会决定这些网络之门谁能够生存下来,这也就是为什么即使在炎热的夏天,攻打网络之门的战役也从来没有停止过。

第十三回 乔布斯“改变思路”安德森铤而走险

  “我们应该改变一个观念,那就是要想苹果胜利,并不意味着微软必须失败。"乔布斯说,“我们应该感谢微软。"

  1997年8月6日,波士顿。一年一度的MacWorld交易会在这里举行。在外闯荡多年的苹果公司创始人史蒂夫·乔布斯要在这次会上作主题演讲,他回到苹果已数月有余,虽然没有正式.执行总裁头衔,但人人都知道苹果公司又成了乔布斯的天下。乔布斯是苹果机用户心中的偶像。人们期待着乔布斯在这次交易会上宣布一些振奋人心的消息。

  然而乔布斯宣布的消息却使很多苹果的忠实用户感到被出卖了。同时这个消息也震惊了华尔街和硅谷。乔布斯宣布:苹果公司与微软结盟!

  微软的操作系统软件一直在个人计算机市场上占有统治地位,而与之竞争的苹果公司的麦金塔软件却日渐衰败。两家公司的用户就像两种不同的宗教信仰一样,水火不容。微软在这次结盟协议中同意注资1.5亿美元来换取苹果公司一定量的没有投票权的股份,两家公司同时在技术和销售等方面达成一系列的合作意向。两家公司都向用户和股民解释说当今的计算机工业界已经不得不相互依赖才能生存。乔布斯还宣布了让其他一些重要公司的掌门人进入苹果董事会的决定。更令人称奇的是新董事中有一个人是拉里·埃里森———全球最大的数据库公司Oracle的掌门人。

  众所周知,埃里森是比尔·盖茨的死敌,经常公开批评这位微软领袖。苹果与微软的协议既保持了苹果公司的独立性,又使它扭亏为盈有了新的希望。在这之前,苹果已经连续7个季度亏损,总值高达17亿美元。在拯救苹果公司这件事上,许多公司有着共同的利益。苹果的麦金塔是微软电脑的补充,微软每年也要卖出上百万份的文字处理、电子报表等在麦金塔上运行的软件。

  “我们应该改变一个观念,那就是要想苹果胜利,并不意味着微软必须失败。”乔布斯说,“我们应该感谢微软。”

  对苹果来说,只要不威胁苹果的独立性,跟微软合作并没有什么不好的。这笔占苹果4.5%股份的投资对于微软来说是小菜一碟,但对苹果这笔来自业界老大的投资简直就像救命稻草一样。这项协议还包括结束两家公司就专利侵权问题的法律纠纷。微软同时同意,以后在同一时间提供视窗版与麦金塔版本的办公室软件。这将使微软在市场宣传上丧失原有的优势———对同一种软件,人们总是先见到视窗版,后见到麦金塔的版本。

  如果说这项协议中有输家的话,那么跟微软竞争的公司———网景和Sun首当其冲。

  乔布斯面对2000多麦金塔的用户,把协议的细节一一地公布了出来。乔布斯身穿一件白色衬衫,外套一件深色马甲,他双手合一,放在自己的下巴下,几乎像是在祈祷一样。然后他告诉观众,自己对苹果的扭亏为盈非常有信心。“苹果是唯一一个让人真正觉得对它有深厚感情的公司。”他说。

  苹果在乔布斯的带领下一步步地走出死亡谷,走向新的繁荣。乔布斯上任伊始就提出“改变思路”的口号,把苹果的目标重新集中在市场和消费者身上。他大刀阔斧地砍伐不赚钱的产品,将一年前的15种产品减少到4种,同时发扬苹果公司创新和简练的传统,大力开发新产品。苹果公司后来开发的iMac电脑成为苹果公司打翻身仗的主要功臣。这是一种造型优美的椭圆形、半透明、使用方便并安装了上网软件的个人电脑。在上市后的头两个月里,这种售价1299美元的电脑在欧美市场上便销售了27.8万台。继iMac之后,苹果又推出了新的操作系统。

  苹果和微软的化敌为友使得距苹果总部咫尺之遥的网景公司的前景显得更加黯淡。的确,跟微软这样的公司叫板真不是一件容易的事,更何况是网景这样年轻的公司。马克·安德森这时已被提升为网景的执行副总裁,下辖1000多人的软件队伍,全面负责网景产品的开发工作。由于形势的变化,安德森原来头上的光环没有了,26岁的他必须在巨大的竞争压力下迅速地成熟起来。

  安德森非常珍惜他的机会,他说比以前任何时候都更有决心突破微软的围剿,拯救网景于水火。然而现实却是残酷的,随着年末的来临,安德森开始接到网景销售部门的报告,每一份都比上一份更令人失望。1997年的第四季度,网景的亏损高达8900万美元,网景浏览器的市场占有率也从高峰时的80%多降到了 60%,而微软的探索者则从无到有,现在的市场占有率已逼近40%。网景的股票也从85美元一路跌到了16美元。

  要想生存,要想竞争,就必须动大手术。业界许多人士这时也都纷纷猜测网景会把它的拳头产品———领航员浏览器免费发送。安德森仔细地分析了形势,与总裁巴克斯代尔等人反复进行讨论,一致认为这样做势在必行。然而安德森觉得光这样还不足以对付微软,不足以恢复员工的信心,不足以团结最大多数的软件开发者,网景需要出奇招。

  1998年1月23日,网景宣布到第一季度结束时,将免费发送自己的一系列因特网软件源程序,其中包括使网景一朝成名的领航员浏览器。网景同时宣布交流者软件系列,包括领航员将对所有人免费,并且允许别人根据需要进行修改后再向外发放。当然最令人震惊的还是它把交流者软件的源程序公开这一点。

  这就难怪许多软件工业界的人以为网景简直是精神有问题,把公司最宝贵的财富在因特网上公开,任人批评、拷贝和修改。但是安德森却说,公司现在在与财大气粗的微软竞争,所以只有出奇招,才有生存的可能。

  “我们又何尝不希望拿它来卖钱呢?”他说。但是微软把网景当作眼中钉,肉中刺,置之死地而后快。

  网景的服务器软件将继续收费,这可以帮助公司和媒体组织建立它们的网站。但是在消费者用的商业软件方面,网景则完全地返璞归真了,它加入了很多程序员所崇尚的自由软件的行列。已经有上百家的公司靠自由软件生存了下来,特别是与UNIX的PC版本———Linux有关的公司。问题是,以前那些靠自由软件生存的公司没有一家具有网景这样的规模,自由软件是否能孕育大型企业还是一个未知数。

  安德森对此充满信心,他说:“自由软件运动将会对软件工业产生极其深远的影响。我们把软件免费分发,然后从其他方面获得收入。”关于网景的前途,安德森认为“网络中心”网站将大有前途。这个网站刚刚加入网络之门的争夺战中,现有420万~450万的订户。虽然安德森承认他们在攻打网络之门的战役中姗姗来迟,但是他说:“我认为我们可以在几个月到一年的时间里把我们的订户扩大到现在的两倍到三倍,如果我们自己不犯大错误的话。”

  
第十四回 白宫绯闻网络商机 世纪审判微软论剑

  华登问巴克斯代尔,微软代表在6月会议上有没有提过“瓜分市场”这个词。巴克斯代尔回答说:“他们没有直接说,但是他们从每一个可能的角度暗示瓜分市场的想法。”华登紧逼不放:“那么他们有没有提过‘市场’这个词?”

  1998年9月11日是一个让美国人蒙羞的日子。历史学家会记住克林顿总统与白宫实习生莱温斯基性丑闻一案的详细材料在这一天被公之于众。但9月11日还将因另一种原因裁入历史:这一天是传统媒体向新媒体———因特网全面投降的一天。

  每一家主要的电视网络和报业集团都把9月11日的下午用来向公众报道独立检察官斯塔尔关于这场官司的报告,每一家媒体都希望能抢在自己的竞争对手之前把这篇报告原封不动地报道出来。对于这些电视网络,这可以说是很辉煌的时刻。电视媒体最擅长的就是对突发事件的现场报道,但实际情况却是:在nbc上,资深记者gwenifill通过现场直播,一页一页地翻看着斯塔尔的报告,不断地念着其中某些段落;在cbs上,情况也没好到哪儿去,屏幕上有一阵儿显示的是一位记者的后背,因为他正转过身去阅读通过网景的浏览器下载到的报告全文。

  再来看看报纸是怎么做的。报告出台的当天,各大报纸均在它们的网站上建立了斯塔尔报告的镜像,星期六的《纽约时报》全文刊载了这份报告,《芝加哥论坛报》也在星期天刊出了报告。

  那么因特网公司是怎样对待这个机会的呢?报告发布的前一天,众议院的网站管理者警告说,他们的网站有可能会无法承受突然增加的访问量的压力,网景随即抓住机会说,他们遍布全球8个地区的270个服务器将帮助政府减轻压力。康柏的altavista搜索引擎通过机器翻译提供了斯塔尔报告的6种文字的版本。infoseek的女发言人说:“政府选择通过因特网来发布他们认为是重要的信息这一点,是对网络媒体的一大认证和鼓励。”excite的一位创始人则说:“通过迅速广泛地传递这样一份读起来像黄色小说似的报告,克林顿总统的声誉将会得到最大限度的损害。”

  当人们谈及这场白宫绯闻的时候,消息来源似乎主要是因特网,每一个新媒体公司都没有放过这个进入主流媒体的机会。

  在克林顿绯闻案尘埃未落的时候,美国政府,确切地说是司法部又开始了对微软涉嫌垄断案的世纪审判。这场官司是本世纪最重要的一场经济案件,是美国联邦政府与世界上最有影响的软件公司之间的一场斗争。审判的结果将可能对人们购买、使用软件,包括万维网浏览器软件的方式产生重大影响。

  经过长时间的准备,这场世纪审判于1998年的10月18日正式开庭。

  第一天出庭作证的是网景的总裁巴克斯代尔。他在证词中详细描述了微软在浏览器商战中的种种不轨行为。他着重提出1995年6月微软官员在网景总部的一次会谈,在那次会谈中,微软提出与网景非法瓜分浏览器市场的建议。当网景拒绝了微软的提议时,微软就采取了极端措施———免费发放它的浏览器软件,把浏览器与视窗系统捆绑,通过威逼利诱计算机制造商、网络服务提供商、独立软件销售商和万维网出版商,使微软的浏览器占据比网景浏览器更优越的地位。

  10月18日法庭上的一个高潮是司法部律师玻易斯出示盖茨和其他微软高级官员的一系列电子邮件,表明微软一直在滥用权力,并有欺诈行为。玻易斯律师当庭播放了8月份盖茨接受访问时的录像带片断,其中盖茨否认他指使微软的谈判者们向网景提议非法瓜分浏览器市场。但在盖茨的一封写于1995年6月的内部电子邮件中,就是在那次与网景会谈的前几天,盖茨敦促他的高级官员们与网景达成协议。玻易斯提供的证据还显示微软曾经寻求其他公司的帮助来把网景的浏览器和太阳的java挤出市场。1997年2月20日发出的一个备忘录中,盖茨透露了他向多年的盟友英特尔的一项提议。他说如果英特尔拒绝帮助太阳提高java 技术的话,微软将对英特尔竞争对手amd的求助置之不理。

  “审判长,这显然不是正常的商业运作。”玻易斯律师说,“这是对自由贸易的破坏。”

  10月19日,审判进入第二天。微软律师约翰·华登开始反击。他根本不承认微软具有垄断地位,并说对微软企图与网景非法瓜分浏览器市场的指责是不成立的。华登在法庭上还驳斥了巴克斯代尔的另一项有关微软曾经恐吓康柏的证词。

  但是,微软后来承认了其恐吓康柏的事实。直至今日,康柏仍未被许可使用网景或其他公司的图标替代ie图标。

  世纪审判第三天。微软律师华登继续盘问巴克斯代尔。华登出示了网景创始人、当时的董事长克拉克写给两位微软高级主管的电子邮件。这封邮件写于1994 年12月29日凌晨3点零01分。收件人之一就在6个月后参加了与网景的那场极具争议的“非法瓜分浏览器市场”的会议。克拉克在信中说:“你们可以考虑向网景注资,并逐渐扩大所占的股份。”巴克斯代尔说那封邮件不是导致6月会议的原因。

  华登还对控方有关“瓜分浏览器市场”的指责提出质疑。华登问巴克斯代尔,微软代表在6月会议上有没有提过“瓜分市场”这两个词。巴克斯代尔回答说: “他们没有直接说,但是他们从每一个可能的角度暗示瓜分市场的想法。”华登紧逼不放:“那么他们有没有提过‘市场’这个词?”

  “我想没有,但这是明显的暗示。”巴克斯代尔在其证词中表示他那时候为微软的露骨提议感到震惊。华登追问说:“会议中有没有‘直接的提议’?”巴克斯代尔说:“提议是再明显不过了,只是他们没有使用‘瓜分市场’的说法而已。”

  第四天。巴克斯代尔证词中关于6月会议的描述大多摘自安德森对那次会议的记录,但是华登说:“唯一公平的结论就是安德森发明或是想象出了这样一个瓜分市场的建议。”

  “我绝对无法同意你的观点!”巴克斯代尔怒不可遏,“这简直荒谬!”

  这就是整个盘问的结束场面。

  世纪审判还将继续5~8个星期,但是审判结束后一定会有上诉,所以故事能够一直讲下去。如果最终微软获胜的话,它将更加自由地运用市场权力来竞争;如果微软败诉,它将可能被迫在视窗系统中捆绑网景的浏览器,或允许其他公司销售它的视窗系统,甚至微软被分成几个较小的公司。究竟结果怎样,我们拭目以待。

  
第十五回 风险投资任劳任怨 信息经济超越硅谷

  只有一样东西比冒险更重要,那就是好主意。硅谷一刻不停地推动技术朝更大、更高、更快、更便宜的方向发展,使每一个人都有机会成功。人们很少关心你是哪个大学毕业的,你来自哪个国家,或是你的家庭背景。人们只希望你能够证明你的智商。

  写到这里,戏就要收场了。读者朋友一定会问一些更深刻的问题,那就是为什么?为什么这一切都发生在硅谷或是与硅谷紧密相关的人和公司身上?为什么这么多的精英,包括很多华人精英聚集在这块土地上?为什么知识经济的端倪首先通过硅谷显现出来?为什么硅谷的商业竞争代表了新的竞争规则?为什么一个个20出头的黄毛小子可以在没有家庭背景,没有什么工作经验,没有人际关系的情况下,几年之内变成百万富翁、千万富翁,甚至亿万富翁、十亿万富翁呢?

  先来看看硅谷是什么样子吧。坐落在纵横交错的高速公路之间的是巨型的商业园区和简陋的三卧两浴的平房住宅,其间最高的建筑是变电站的铁塔和架着电话线的水泥杆子。真正的工作是在简陋的用屏风隔开的小办公室里,眼睛盯着电脑屏幕,静静地完成的,每个人都试图做一些前人没有做过的东西。

  硅谷很特别,这里有第一流的大学,法律允许人们随心所欲地跳槽,有专门投资图形卡的风险投资商,有学社会学的教授做风险投资家,有专门负责寻找新加坡籍的cobol程序员的猎头,有擅长引诱玩具公司高层管理人员的猎头,有专门为别的猎头公司找猎头的猎头公司。

  这同时也是一个竞争的激烈程度到了令人发怵的地方。

  硅谷藏龙卧虎,人才济济,然而比人才更多的是钱财。世界上最大的100家高科技公司中,大约有20%的总部设在硅谷。在101号高速公路上开10分钟的车,你会看到一个接一个的信息业界的大腕———英特尔、思科、3com、太阳、网景林立于公路两旁。单单这几家公司每年就销售400亿美元的产品,它们的市值更高达2600亿美元,比美国的三大汽车公司的总市值还要高。在过去3年中,因特网的兴起更造就了硅谷前所未有的辉煌。

  在硅谷,成功之路的第一步应该是获得风险投资。美国总共有600家风险投资公司,大约有一半总部设在硅谷,最集中的地方要数门罗公园市的“沙岭路”,它已经成为今天风险投资的代名词。在过去的3年中,风险投资公司在硅谷注入了55亿美元的资本,占全美国信息产业所有风险投资的37%。其他的配套设施也异常完善———从那些懂得软件专利的律师到电子器件商店,一个没有经验的企业家需要的所有服务都应有尽有。

  即使在今天,当太阳公司总裁思考特·曼可里尼回忆当年创业的情景仍然觉得不可思议。1982年,他和两位27岁的年轻人在没有任何业界经验的情况下争得了25万美元的风险投资,当时有的只是一个不太成形的主意———制造工作站。“我们在空口无凭的情况下开出了支票账户,我们连身份证都没有用就租到了写字楼。我们毫不费力地申请到了电话线,硅谷最著名的律师事务所为我们准备了所有需要的法律文件。”他说。

  然而这只是硅谷成功秘诀的一半,另外一大部分则不是文字所能够精确描述的:文化。这里有这个星球上最特别的商业环境,它与传统的商业运作方式大相径庭,这种文化的精髓之处在于一种“任何事情都是可能的”的态度,一种对新技术的信仰,一种创业家的对于数字化未来的远见。

  在硅谷,冒险是最正常的事情,硅谷人的理论是这样的:好的主意是最贵重的商品,只有一样东西比冒险更重要,那就是好主意。硅谷一刻不停地推动着技术朝着更大、更高、更快、更便宜的方向发展,这使每一个人都有机会成功。人们很少关心你是哪个大学毕业的,你来自哪个国家,或是你的家庭背景,人们只希望你能够证明你的智商。

  有两个在一家公司供职的工程师,他们都想成为创业家,所以他们去找硅谷著名的风险投资公司draper fisher jurvetson的投资家jurvetson。这位资深的风险投资家对他们提出的网上数据库系统并不感兴趣,他问:“你们还有其他主意吗?”其中一个叫 sabeer bhatia的工程师就说,他还想过通过因特网来提供免费的电子邮件账户,从网上广告来获取收入。10天之后,这位风险投资家连商业计划都没要就掏出30 万美元帮助他们成立了hotmail公司,这在当时看来也许有些离谱,但hotmail两年之内发展了900万用户,微软斥资4亿美元吞并了这家免费电子邮件提供商。

  这种灵活应变的能力正是硅谷的血脉。几十年来,硅谷一直在不断重塑自己,来适应或者说是推动下一次大的技术革命。

  硅谷无疑是成功的,然而更重要的是硅谷为商业运作这个概念建立了新的标准:民主的管理结构,高质量的人力资源,密切的公司与公司间的关系,极其快速的应变能力和艺高人胆大的工作作风。这一切正在改写企业管理的规则。下面就是我们总结的硅谷经验:

  要允许失败。要让那些敢于冒险的人得到回报,而不能惩罚些敢于冒险却失败了的人。

  敦促商业主管去试新的主意。对失败的容忍可以使人们吸取教训并运用到新项目上。

  让好主意有条件孵化。硅谷的公司通常是在一个领域发展的早期发达起来的,部分的原因是由于这里允许失败的文化,以及在新主意还在形成过程中就敢于承担风险的意识。

  要容忍有创造性的混乱。硅谷靠的是对商业环境变化的迅速反应能力和它的相对混乱的环境。这意味着团队精神、合作能力、没有官僚作风和对权威的挑战。

  把自己当作自己的最强的竞争对手。seagate技术公司的董事长舒格特说:“有时候我在想,没准哪一天你早晨宣布一个新产品,晚上就会宣布淘汰它。”

  不要对自己开创的公司死守着不放。这是经过很多惨痛教训才明白的道理,并不是所有打天下的人都适合坐天下。

  要有福同享。要给有建树的员工以应有的报酬,而且要形成制度。这种制度不能仅限于高级主管。硅谷无处不在的员工股权系统是硅谷人能够以网络速度工作的原动力。

  不惜一切代价占领市场。即使这将意味着你必须免费发放你的产品,与此同时,你可以改变其中的游戏规则。

  通过投资新兴的公司使自己永远站在技术发展的最前列。获得新技术的最好办法恐怕就是购买,所以在条件允许的情况下,应该设立风险投资基金来资助本行业的新兴公司。

  当我们对硅谷文化进行了这样一番总结之后,仍然有一些问题没有答案,但不管这些问题的答案是什么,硅谷商战的原则正在逐渐地深入人心。早进入这场商战的公司已经占据了有利的位置,这就使人不禁要问,现在再去加入这场商战是不是已经太晚了?但是按照信息经济现在的发展速度,谁又能够负得起不参战的责任呢?(完)

link:Google Milestones

Google is a play on the word googol, which was coined by Milton Sirotta, nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner, and was popularized in the book, Mathematics and the Imagination by Kasner and James Newman. It refers to the number represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros. Google’s use of the term reflects the company’s mission to organize the immense, seemingly infinite amount of information available on the web.

1995 - 1997

Back before Google? Aye, there’s the Rub.

According to Google lore, company founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin were not terribly fond of each other when they first met as Stanford University graduate students in computer science in 1995. Larry was a 24-year-old University of Michigan alumnus on a weekend visit; Sergey, 23, was among a group of students assigned to show him around. They argued about every topic they discussed. Their strong opinions and divergent viewpoints would eventually find common ground in a unique approach to solving one of computing’s biggest challenges: retrieving relevant information from a massive set of data.

By January of 1996, Larry and Sergey had begun collaboration on a search engine called BackRub, named for its unique ability to analyze the "back links" pointing to a given website. Larry, who had always enjoyed tinkering with machinery and had gained some notoriety for building a working printer out of Lego™ bricks, took on the task of creating a new kind of server environment that used low-end PCs instead of big expensive machines. Afflicted by the perennial shortage of cash common to graduate students everywhere, the pair took to haunting the department’s loading docks in hopes of tracking down newly arrived computers that they could borrow for their network.

A year later, their unique approach to link analysis was earning BackRub a growing reputation among those who had seen it. Buzz about the new search technology began to build as word spread around campus.

1998

The search for a buyer

Larry and Sergey continued working to perfect their technology through the first half of 1998. Following a path that would become a key tenet of the Google way, they bought a terabyte of disks at bargain prices and built their own computer housings in Larry’s dorm room, which became Google’s first data center. Meanwhile Sergey set up a business office, and the two began calling on potential partners who might want to license a search technology better than any then available. Despite the dotcom fever of the day, they had little interest in building a company of their own around the technology they had developed.

Among those they called on was friend and Yahoo! founder David Filo. Filo agreed that their technology was solid, but encouraged Larry and Sergey to grow the service themselves by starting a search engine company. "When it’s fully developed and scalable," he told them, "let’s talk again." Others were less interested in Google, as it was now known. One portal CEO told them, "As long as we’re 80 percent as good as our competitors, that’s good enough. Our users don’t really care about search."

Touched by an angel

Unable to interest the major portal players of the day, Larry and Sergey decided to make a go of it on their own. All they needed was a little cash to move out of the dorm – and to pay off the credit cards they had maxed out buying a terabyte of memory. So they wrote up a business plan, put their Ph.D. plans on hold, and went looking for an angel investor. Their first visit was with a friend of a faculty member.

Andy Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems, was used to taking the long view. One look at their demo and he knew Google had potential – a lot of potential. But though his interest had been piqued, he was pressed for time. As Sergey tells it, "We met him very early one morning on the porch of a Stanford faculty member’s home in Palo Alto. We gave him a quick demo. He had to run off somewhere, so he said, ‘Instead of us discussing all the details, why don’t I just write you a check?’ It was made out to Google Inc. and was for $100,000."

The investment created a small dilemma. Since there was no legal entity known as "Google Inc.," there was no way to deposit the check. It sat in Larry’s desk drawer for a couple of weeks while he and Sergey scrambled to set up a corporation and locate other funders among family, friends, and acquaintances. Ultimately they brought in a total initial investment of almost $1 million.

Everyone’s favorite garage band

In September 1998, Google Inc. opened its door in Menlo Park, California. The door came with a remote control, as it was attached to the garage of a friend who sublet space to the new corporation’s staff of three. The office offered several big advantages, including a washer and dryer and a hot tub. It also provided a parking space for the first employee hired by the new company: Craig Silverstein, now Google’s director of technology.

Already Google.com, still in beta, was answering 10,000 search queries each day. The press began to take notice of the upstart website with the relevant search results, and articles extolling Google appeared in USA TODAY and Le Monde. That December, PC Magazine named Google one of its Top 100 Web Sites and Search Engines for 1998. Google was moving up in the world.

1999

On the road again

We quickly outgrew the confines of our Menlo Park home, and by February 1999 had moved to an office on University Avenue in Palo Alto. At eight employees, the staff had nearly tripled, and the service was answering more than 500,000 queries per day. Interest in the company had grown as well. Red Hat signed on as its first commercial search customer, drawn in part by Google’s commitment to running its servers on the open source operating system Linux.

On June 7, the company announced that it had secured a round of funding that included $25 million from the two leading venture capital firms in Silicon Valley, Sequoia Capital and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. In a replay of the convergence of opposites that gave birth to Google, the two firms - normally fiercely competitive, but eye-to-eye on the value of this new investment - both took seats on the board of directors. Michael Moritz of Sequoia and John Doerr of Kleiner Perkins - who between them had helped grow Sun Microsystems, Intuit, Amazon, and Yahoo! - joined Ram Shriram, CEO of Junglee, at the ping pong table that served as formal boardroom furniture.

In short order, key hires began to fill the company’s modest offices. Omid Kordestani left Netscape to accept a position as vice president of business development and sales, and Urs Hölzle was hired away from UC Santa Barbara as vice president of engineering. It quickly became obvious that more space was needed. At one point the office became so cramped that employees couldn’t stand up at their desks without others tucking their chairs in first.

No beta search engine

The gridlock was alleviated with the move to the Googleplex, our new headquarters in Mountain View, California. And tucked away in one corner of the two-story structure, the Google kernel continued to grow – attracting staff and clients and drawing attention from users and the press. AOL/Netscape selected Google as its web search service and helped push traffic levels past 3 million searches per day. Clearly, we had evolved. What had been a college research project was now a real company offering a service that was in great demand. So on September 21, 1999, the beta label came off Google.com.

Still we continued to expand. The Italian portal Virgilio signed on as a client, as did Virgin Net, the UK’s leading online entertainment guide. The spate of recognition that followed included a Technical Excellence Award for Innovation in Web Application Development from PC Magazine and inclusion in several "best of" lists, culminating with Google’s appearance on Time magazine’s Top Ten Best Cybertech list for 1999.

2000

Built-in innovation

At the Googleplex, a unique company culture was evolving. To maximize the flexibility of the work space, large rubber exercise balls were repurposed as highly mobile office chairs in an open environment free of cubicle walls. While computers on the desktops were fully powered, the desks themselves were wooden doors held up by pairs of sawhorses. Lava lamps began sprouting like multi-hued mushrooms. Large dogs roamed the halls — among them Yoshka, a large but gentle Leonberger. After a rigorous review process, Charlie Ayers was hired as company chef, bringing with him an eclectic repertoire of health-conscious recipes he developed while cooking for the Grateful Dead. Sections of the parking lot were roped off for twice-weekly roller hockey games. Larry and Sergey led weekly ‘TGIF’ meetings in the open space among the desks, which easily accommodated the company’s 60-odd employees.

The informal atmosphere bred both collegiality and an accelerated exchange of ideas. Google staffers made many incremental improvements to the search engine itself and added such enhancements as the Google Directory (based on Netscape’s Open Directory Project) and the ability to search via wireless devices. We also began thinking globally, with the introduction of our first 10 language versions for users who preferred to search in their native tongues.

We love you, Google users!Google’s features and performance attracted new users at an astounding rate. The broad appeal of Google search became apparent when the site was awarded both a Webby Award and a People’s Voice Award for technical achievement in May 2000. Sergey’s and Larry’s five-word acceptance speech: "We love you, Google users!" The following month, Google officially became the world’s largest search engine with its introduction of a billion-page index – the first time so much of the web’s content had been made available in a searchable format.

Through careful marshalling of its resources, we had avoided the need for additional rounds of funding beyond its original venture round. Already clients were signing up to use Google’s search technology on their own sites. With the launch of a keyword-targeted advertising program, We added another revenue stream that began moving the company into the black. By mid-2000, these efforts were beginning to show real results.

On June 26, Google and Yahoo! announced a partnership that solidified the company’s reputation – not just as a provider of great technology, but as a substantial business answering 18 million user queries every day. In the months that followed, partnership deals were announced on all fronts, with China’s leading portal NetEase and NEC’s BIGLOBE portal in Japan both adding Google search to their sites.

The Google Toolbar To extend the power of our keyword-targeted advertising to smaller businesses, we introduced AdWords, a self-service ad program that could be activated online with a credit card in a matter of minutes. And in late 2000, to enhance users’ power to search from anywhere on the web, we introduced the Google Toolbar. This innovative browser plug-in made it possible to use Google search without visiting the Google homepage, either using the toolbar’s search box or right-clicking on text within a web page, as well as enabling the highlighting of keywords in search results. The Google Toolbar would prove enormously popular and has since been downloaded by millions of users.

As 2000 ended, Google was already handling more than 100 million search queries a day — and continued to look for new ways to connect people with the information they needed, whenever and wherever they needed it. We reached out first to a population with a never-ending need for knowledge — students, educators, and researchers — paying homage to our academic roots by offering free search services to schools, universities, and other educational institutions worldwide.

Realizing that people aren’t always at their desks when questions pop into their heads, we set out to put wireless search into as many hands as possible. The first half of 2001 saw a series of partnerships and innovations that would bring Google search to a worldwide audience of mobile users. Wireless Internet users in Asia, Japanese users of i-mode mobile phones, Sprint PCS, Cingular, and AT&T Wireless customers, and other wireless device users throughout the world gained untethered access to the 1.6 billion web documents in our growing index.

2001

Google finds a few things it needs

Meanwhile, we had acquired a cornerstone of Internet culture. In February, we took on the assets of Deja.com and began the arduous task of integrating the huge volume of data in the Internet’s largest Usenet archive into a searchable format. In short order, we introduced improved posting, post removal, and threading of the 500 million-plus messages exchanged over the years on Usenet discussion boards.

As our global audience grew, the patterns buried in the swarm of search queries provided a snapshot of what was on humanity’s mind. Sifting through a flood of keywords, Google captured the top trending searches and institutionalized them as the Google Zeitgeist, a real-time window into the collective consciousness. The Google Zeitgeist showcases the rising and falling stars in the search firmament as names and places flicker from obscurity to center stage and fade back again. Like an S&P Index for popular culture, the Google Zeitgeist charts our shifting obsessions and the impermanence of fame.

As Google’s search capabilities multiplied, the company’s financial footing became even more solid. By the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2001, we announced that we had found something that had eluded many other online companies: profitability. And in a nod to our growing business impact, Dr. Eric Schmidt, whose longtime technology career included stints as CEO at Novell Inc. and CTO of Sun Microsystems, became our CEO in August 2001.

Information without barriers

Around the world, Google’s circle of friends continued to widen. An agreement with Lycos Korea brought Google search to a new group of Asian Internet users. In October, a partnership with Universo Online (UOL) made Google Latin America’s premier search engine. New sales offices opened in Hamburg and Tokyo to satisfy growing international interest in Google’s advertising programs. Google’s borderless appeal was also evident in the evolving user interface: Users could now limit searches to sites written in Arabic, Turkish, or any of 26 other languages.

Meanwhile the Google search engine evolved again and learned to crawl several new kinds of information. File type search added a dozen formats to Google’s roster of searchable documents. In December, Google Image Search, first launched during the summer with 250 million images, came out of beta with advanced search added and an expanded image index. Online shopping took a leap forward with the beta launch of Google Catalog Search, which made it possible for Google users to search and browse more than 1,100 mail order catalogs that previously had been available only in print.

December also brought another milestone: The Google search index reached 3 billion searchable web documents, another leap forward in Google’s mission to make the world’s information accessible. The year came to a close, appropriately, with the Year-End Google Zeitgeist, a retrospective on the search patterns, trends, and top search terms of 2001.

2002

Good things come in yellow boxes

Our success in charting the public Internet had helped make Google the Internet search engine of choice. But Googlebot, the robot software that continually crawls the web to refresh and expand Google’s index of online documents, had to turn back at the corporate firewall – which left employees, IT managers, and productivity-conscious executives wishing for a way to bring the power of Google search into their workplaces.

Their wish came true in February of 2002, with the introduction of the Google Search Appliance, a plug-and-play search solution in a bright yellow box. Soon it was crawling company intranets, e-commerce sites, and university networks, with organizations from Boeing to the University of Florida powering their searches with "Google in a box."

In love with innovation

The love affair between Google and the technology community – engineers, programmers, webmasters, and early adopters of all shapes and sizes – went back to the days when word-of-mouth from tech-savvy users spread the budding search engine’s reputation far beyond the Stanford campus. That ongoing romance was evident at the 2001 Search Engine Watch Awards, announced in February of 2002, where the webmaster community awarded Google top honors for Outstanding Search Service, Best Image Search Engine, Best Design, Most Webmaster Friendly Search Engine, and Best Search Feature.

We showed the affection was mutual with a trio of initiatives to delight the most avid technophile. The Google Programming Contest coupled a daunting challenge with a tempting prize: $10,000, a visit to the Googleplex, and a chance for the winner to spend some quality time with the Google code base. (The eventual winner, Daniel Egnor of New York, created a program enabling users to search for webpages within a specified geographic area.)

Google’s web application programming interfaces (APIs) enabled software programs to query Google directly, drawing on the data in billions of web documents. Their release sparked a flurry of innovation, from Google-based games to new search interfaces.

Google Compute, newly added to the Google Toolbar, took advantage of idle cycles on users’ computers to help solve computation-intensive scientific problems. The first beneficiary: Folding@home, a non-profit Stanford University research project to analyze the structure of proteins with an eye to improving treatments for a number of illnesses.

Advertising that people want to see

In February of 2002, AdWords, our self-service advertising system, received a major overhaul, including a cost-per-click (CPC) pricing model that makes search advertising as cost-effective for small businesses as for large ones. Our approach to advertising has always followed the same principle that works so well for search: Focus on the user and all else will follow. For ads, this means using keywords to target ad delivery and ranking ads for relevance to the user’s query. As a result, ads only reach the people who actually want to see them – an approach that benefits users as well as advertisers.

In May, that approach got a vote of confidence when America Online – calling Google "the reigning champ of online search" – chose the company to provide both search and advertising to its 34 million members and tens of millions of other visitors to AOL properties. Further confirmation came when BtoB Magazine named Google the #1 business-to-business website and the #5 B2B ad property in any medium, online or off.

The launch of Google Labs enabled our engineers to present their pet ideas proudly to an adventurous audience. Users could get acquainted with prototypes that were still a bit wet behind the ears, while developers received feedback that helped them groom their projects for success. Works-in-progress ranged from Google Voice Search, enabling users to search on Google with a simple telephone call, to Google Sets, which generates complete sets (a list of gemstones, say) from a few examples (topaz, ruby, opal), giving each member of the new set its own search link.

All the news that’s fit to click

Google News launched in beta in September of 2002, offering access to 4,500 leading news sources from around the world. Headlines and photos are automatically selected and arranged by a computer program which updates the page continuously. The free service lets users scan, search, and browse, with links from each headline to the original story.

Froogle, a product search service launched in test mode in December of 2002, continued Google’s emphasis on innovation and objective results. Searching through millions of relevant websites, Froogle helps users find multiple sources for specific products, delivering images and prices for the items sought.

2003

And the worlds turn

Google’s innovations continued to reshape not only the world of search, but also the advertising marketplace and the realm of publishing. In 2003, we acquired Pyra Labs and became the home for Blogger, a leading provider of services for those inclined to share their thoughts with the world through online journals (weblogs). Not long thereafter, the Google AdSense program was born, offering web sites of all sizes a way to easily generate revenue through placement of highly targeted ads adjacent to their content. Google AdSense technology analyzes the text on any given page and delivers ads that are appropriate and relevant, increasing the usefulness of the page and the likelihood that those viewing it will actually click on the advertising presented there.

Version 2.0 of the Google Toolbar was released in the Spring and the Google Deskbar joined it in the Fall. The Toolbar’s enhancements included a pop-up blocker and form filler, while the Deskbar’s location in the Windows Taskbar made it possible to search using Google without even launching a web browser. And there was so much more to find, thanks to several advanced search features, including a calculator, parcel tracking, flight information, VIN numbers and more, all accessible through the familiar Google search box.

2004

This message just in

As our site index increased to 4.28 billion web pages, Brandchannel again named Google as "Brand of the Year" for 2003, and ABC News marked the occasion by naming Larry and Sergey "Persons of the Week." We consolidated much of our Mountain View operations in a new headquarters campus. And on February 17 we announced an expanded web index with more than 6 billion items (including the aforementioned 4.28 billion web pages plus 880 million images, 845 million Usenet messages, and a growing collection of book-related information pages).

Other new services that emerged early in 2004 included Local Search, for those times when all a person needs is a tire store that’s within walking distance, or a neighborhood place close enough to deliver fresh cannolis. Within weeks, we followed up with a way for advertisers to target their ads to locations a set distance from their stores. It was an improvement for merchants that also made it easier for searchers to find goods and services for sale in their own neighborhoods. Then came personalized search on Google Labs, enabling users to specify their interests and adjust the level of customization in their search results.

On April 1, we posted plans to open a research facility on the Moon and announced a new web-based mail service called Gmail, which at launch included a gigabyte of free storage for each user. It soon became apparent that Gmail was no joke. The first serious re-examination of web-based email in years, Gmail offered a powerful built in search function, messages grouped by subject line into conversations and enough free storage to hold years’ worth of messages. Using AdSense technology, Gmail was designed to deliver relevant ads adjacent to mail messages, giving recipients a way to act on this information.

And on April 29, we filed with the SEC for an initial public offering (IPO). In early May, Blogger rolled out an upgraded version of its free web-based publishing software that enables users to create, collect, and share opinions and experiences with a global audience. And in June, we announced a new version of the Google Search Appliance, now with the capacity for more than 300 queries per minute and the ability to scale from 150,000 to 15 million or more documents.

What’s a picture worth?

On July 13, 2 we announced our acquisition of Picasa, Inc. This Pasadena, Calif.-based digital photo management company helps users to organize, manage and share their digital photos.

August 19 marked the initial public offering of GOOG on NASDAQ through a little-known Dutch auction process, which is designed to attract a broader range of investors than the usual IPO often does.

The second annual Code Jam, an event designed to attract the best and brightest among computer programmers, takes place on the Google campus with 50 finalists from around the world competing in a time-limited software coding contest. The top coder was Sergio Sancho, a computer science student from the University of Buenos Aires, who won the top prize of $10,000. On October 14 we released the first version of Google Desktop Search, a small free downloadable application for locating one’s personal computer files (including email, work files, web history, and instant message chats) using Google-quality search. That September we also passed the milestone of having more than 100 Google domains (Norway and Kenya are no. 102 and no. 103).

Google SMS became a new beta offering in October, enabling people who are away from their computers to quickly and easily get instant, accurate answers to queries (like local business listings, dictionary definitions, or product prices) through text messaging, using a cell phone or handheld device such as a BlackBerry, by sending a query to the 5-digit U.S. shortcode 46645 (also GOOGL on most mobile phones).

Also in October we announced our first quarterly results as a public company, with record revenues of $805.9 million, up 105 percent year over year. We also signed a new expanded alliance with AOL Europe to provide a comprehensive and relevant search and advertising experience to approximately 6.3 million members in the UK, France and Germany.

What’s a picture worth? (part 2)

Towards the end of October, we announced the acquisition of Keyhole Corp., a digital and satellite image mapping company based in our own headquarter town, Mountain View, Calif. The acquisition gave Google users a powerful new search tool to view 3D images across earth, and the ability to tap a rich database of roads, businesses and many other points of interest.

Our European operations moved into new Dublin headquarters, with an official welcome from the Deputy Prime Minister, Mary Harney. The 150 Googlers who work here come from 35 countries and speak 17 languages – imperative for doing business across Europe. And our founders received new honors: Larry Page was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering, and he and Sergey Brin are named the 2004 Marconi Fellows, joining the august company of such previous winners as Tim Berners-Lee and Bob Metcalfe.

Expanding horizons

In a nod to our continuing international expansion, Nikesh Arora joined as senior executive overseeing Google’s operations in the European market. based in London, Arora, fresh from executive stints at T-Mobile and Deutsche Telekom, is responsible for continuing to create and expand strategic partnerships in Europe. And elsewhere in the world – namely Tokyo – we announce a new R&D center to attract the best and brightest among Japanese and other Asian engineers. Further expansion occurs in Kirkland, Washington, where we opened a new engineering center, which joins the others around the world. Also in November, the Google index of web pages numbered 8 billion.

In December, launches included Google Groups, a new version of the venerable Usenet archive of 1 billion posts on thousands of topics that Google has managed since 2001. The new Google Groups enables users to create and manage their own email groups and discussion lists. And the Google Print program announced agreements with the libraries of Harvard, Stanford, the University of Michigan, and the University of Oxford, and The New York Public Library to digitally scan books from their collections so that users worldwide can search them in Google.

2005

Something blue, something new

The Google Search Appliance spawned a new blue Google Mini, a smaller and lower-cost solution for small and medium-sized businesses that want Google quality search for their documents and sites. The Mini is the first (and so far only) Google hardware product to be sold only through the Google Store alongside a variety of consumer goods that often feature the four-color logo. Google Video also launched – a new project that captures the closed-caption information on TV programming and makes it searchable. And fourth quarter earnings reported record revenues of $1.032 billion for the quarter ending December 31, 2004 – up 101% year over year. Meanwhile, Google’s Image Search grew to contain more than 1 billion images of all types – photos, drawings, paintings, sketches, cartoons, posters, and more.

The latest version of Google Desktop Search rolled out, now with the ability to locate many more file types including PDF and MP3. It’s available in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Dutch as well as Chinese, Japanese and Korean. Google formally opened its Hyderabad office for AdWords support and QA projects – as well as a home for our first cricket club. And in May, we launched Google Desktop Search for the Enterprise – a way to enable Google-quality search across a corporate or organization’s network with the security, information and deployment controls an IT administrator needs.

Another new feature launched in Google Local: Google Maps, a dynamic online mapping feature users in North America use to find location information, navigate through maps, and get directions quickly and easily. Google Maps is distinguished by easy navigation, detailed route directions, and business locations related to the requested query. Even more fun: by integrating Keyhole technology, Google Maps can display a map view or a satellite view.

The faster we go.

At Google we find that speed is of the essence, and it appears that many other people also crave saving time. This universal fact has led to such innovations as My Search History (saving time by knowing, and showing, what you’ve searched before) and the Google Web Accelerator (saving time serving web pages by "pre-fetching" them – delivering only updated content).

In March, we acquired San Diego-based web analytics firm Urchin Software. Thousands of popular websites and marketers use this software solution to better understand user experience as well as to optimize content and track marketing performance. We plan to make these tools available to better enable website owners to make their sites more effective and to increase their advertising return on investment.

A long-standing Google interest has been to support, locate and hire women engineers. We regularly host women’s recruiting events and we offer scholarships through the Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship Fund. In 2005 we recognized 23 young women with scholarships – outstanding female undergraduate and graduate students who are completing their degrees in computer science or related fields.

Also in 2005, it seemed all the world took notice of blogs and feeds – two important ways to publish quickly and easily, and to subscribe to many timely publication sites. After a year of learning and growing, our own Google Blog runs frequent postings about Google products and people by those who know them best – and thousands of people subscribe to the feed so they can read it on the go. And in May we launched AdSense for feeds, a way for every blogger to gain ad revenue by running targeted AdSense ads within the feed. As for Blogger, we continue to develop features, including the ability to post new items and photos from anywhere – even a mobile phone.

As midyear beckoned, we announce an option on Google Labs that some people have asked for: a Personalized Homepage on which you can add news headlines from any sources offering feeds, as well as stock quotes, weather, movie showtimes, even driving directions. Some people want their Google in "classic" (plain) form – but others have asked for this variation too.

Prior to the June launch of Google Sitemaps, webmasters published their pages to the web and waited for us to crawl their site for inclusion in the Google search index. With this in place, they are able to prioritize the pages they want crawled first, and tell us when pages are updated so that Google can index new content faster. We also traveled to the Land of the Midnight Sun – and opened a Scandinavian sales office in Stockholm.

And speaking of the world at large, our Keyhole acquisition during the fall of 2004 led us to create Google Earth, which was unveiled in late June. This technology enables users to fly through space, zooming into specific locations they choose, and seeing the real world in sharp focus. It turns out that when we talk about "the world’s information," we mean geography too. And since the earth includes the fast-moving country of China, in July we announced the opening of a new Chinese R&D center and hired the distinguished Dr. Kai Fu-Lee. We’re always busy hiring, and one of the most important roles is "executive chef." In August we announced that the search is on for not one, but two chefs to lead our growing Mountain View eateries in serving Googlers and their guests at breakfast, lunch, dinner and special events.

Although August is traditionally a time to slow down, we didn’t seem to. We released two significant products during the month: Google Talk, a free way to actually speak to people anytime, anywhere via your computer, featuring crystal-clear voice technology, plus an instant message service; and the next generation of Google Desktop, now offering at-a-glance access to your files, email, news, photos, weather, RSS feeds, stocks and other personalized web content.

Keeping true to our roots in search, in mid-September we released Google Blog Search, a tool to help people find lively content as soon as it’s live on blogs around the world. And in recognition of our indebtedness to visionaries, we announced the hiring of Internet pioneer Vint Cerf to continue his global Internet thinking on our behalf.

Going local and global

In October we merged our Local and Maps products into a single Google Local service that (naturally) features maps. Perhaps even better for those away from their computer screens, we now offer Local service via mobile phones – after all, you need these way-finding tools even more when out in the wilds of major cities. We also noted, in our third quarter earnings announcement, the fact that we now have 4,989 full time employees – that’s up from 4,183 at the end of the previous quarter.

Responding to the continuing (if not relentless) glut of digital information, we unveiled a new web-based Google Reader in October that helps tame the flow of blog, web page, and news subscriptions we all seem to have. The Reader is a more friendly way to gather all the data bits in one screen, and is equipped to manage several flavors of "feeds." At the same, we expanded our support of open source software initiatives through a total of $350,000 in grants to Oregon State and Portland State Universities for open source development. These follow our "Summer of Code," a 3-month $2 million program for computer science students.

The more initiatives we undertake, the greater the need to expand, and so we announced a new office in Phoenix, and also ramped up staffing when we announced that Johnny Chou will join Kai-Fu Lee in Beijing as president of sales and business development for greater China. Not long after, we opened our first offices in Latin America too – in Sao Paulo, Brazil and in Mexico City.

Enhancing core businesses

In mid-November 2005, we launched two significant services that expand on our core businesses of search and advertising. One, Google base, is a new way for people to upload content – lists, web pages, items of any type – in a structured format that interested searchers can then find. This could be for sale items, but might just as easily be scientific data or recipes or Top 10 lists – things that might not have had a web presence before. The other, Google Analytics, was formerly known as "Urchin" – a service we acquired, and then integrated, into our advertising products. The fast-growing trend is to be able to measure the actual results of online ad and marketing campaigns – and this service, which is now free, is available to everyone who needs to track these aspects more closely.

During the late fall, Google Print was also renamed Google Book Search, which may more accurately reflect how people use it. And part of Book Search is our project to scan public domain books, which we hope will make them much more easily accessible to a global audience of readers. During this time, we also engaged in public debate about the important principles underlying Book Search through our blog in several posts.

In keeping with our overall growth, we also added two new members to our board of directors: Dr. Shirley Tilghman and Ann Mather, both of whom bring years of experience and special skills to the boardroom.

As we closed in on the finish of 2005, we launched a music search feature that delivers a mix of information on artists, titles, links to albums, reviews and where to buy information for a wide range of musicians and performers. Late in the month, we announced a significant new agreement with AOL that expands a long-standing strategic alliance between the two companies. Among other things, this agreement creates a global online advertising partnership, makes more of AOL’s content available to Google users, and includes our $1 billion investment in AOL. And finally this month, we marked the end of our first full year of the Google Blog by tallying, among other things, the number of product tips (38), new product announcements (77), Google culture items (40) and international posts (19) we published.

2006

Fresh takes

2006 arrived with a bang: a brand new Google Video store, featuring many titles from numerous content partners, and the ability to view or download them using a new Google Video Player. And filmmakers can set the price and level of copy protection for their productions, giving fans far more variety than ever before. While at the massive Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas (a huge event for reporters, industry folks, and consumer enthusiasts), we also released Google Pack – a free collection of safe and useful software for improving the web experience. And a first for Google: Larry Page delivered a keynote speech at CES.

Also in January, we began the first of many localization efforts around the world by delivering Google Earth to Macs. Over the year, Google corporate blogs also sprouted in seven languages, and we opened offices in Cairo, Delhi, Haifa, Istanbul, Moscow, Mumbai, Osaka, Seoul, and elsewhere. Within the U.S., we opened locations at Arizona State University in Tempe and Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh with the usual trappings: great people, great ideas, and plenty of lava lamps.

And the same time, and after much serious consideration, we announced the beginning of a localized Google domain in China. This news prompted a good deal of discussion among our friends and critics. It wasn’t an easy decision, but we remain dedicated to doing all we can to enable the best possible access to information.

The dawn of .org

In the spirit of our global commitment, in February, we introduced Dr. Larry Brilliant as Executive Director of Google.org, our philanthropic arm. His expertise in technology, philanthropy, and public health is surely a perfect combination for us.

Google Chat connected people through Gmail and Talk, becoming the first service to integrate email and instant messaging within a web browser. An updated version of Google Desktop made it easier for people to find and share information on their own computers. Google Page Creator made it even easier for anybody to design and create web pages quickly and simply. In March, Google Finance debuted to improve upon the information that many investors, stock-watchers, and businesses rely on daily. Developed in our Bangalore R&D Center as a 20%-time project, Google Finance puts stock movements into better context with related news and blog posts.

The enterprise world

We also expanded the services for those in the business enterprise sphere, delivering the productivity of Google search across documents and websites for small- and medium-sized businesses. On the first-year anniversary of the Google Mini, we announced a new Mini model. Then in April came a new version, a launch in Japan, and then in June, it made its way to Australia and New Zealand, joining its counterparts in the U.S. and Europe.

Finding what you’re looking for

We announced a major pilot program with the National Archives in Washington, D.C., to digitize and make accessible years of historical film footage, including remarkable videos such as World War II newsreels, motion picture films, the story of Apollo 11, and other NASA productions. Speaking of NASA, we signed a formal agreement in December with NASA Ames Research Center to work together on a range of projects, involving pretty cool places – like the Moon and Mars.

From the start, we said it would be great if someday Google could help you find your car keys. It seems one of the most complicated types of information to keep track of these days is personal information, and so, in April, we released Google Calendar to make that a little bit easier. It used to be that families would use a kitchen calendar to keep track of what everyone was doing, but these days a lot of families, let alone friends and coworkers, aren’t all in the same kitchen. This web-based calendar lets anyone can access her or his own calendar from any computer and share it with everyone who is important to her or him.

In May, we released additional tools to continue improving your search experience: Co-op, Desktop, Trends, and Notebook. And because search isn’t limited in its scope, in June, we launched a special Shakespeare page to help people discover the great texts from the Bard through Book Search in conjunction with the first day of "Shakespeare in the Park," New York’s famous outdoor theatre festival. And then we introduced U.S. Government Search to make it easier to find Federal information and keep up-to-date on government news. Later in the year, we announced another specialty search, for U.S. Patents.

Helping our advertisers

On the advertising front, AdWords further expanded its access to local businesses. We announced click-to-play Video Ads, followed soon after by a partnership with MTV. Then, to help advertisers better observe and understand their clickstreams and how visitors accessed their websites, we integrated AdWords with Google Analytics. Not long after, we opened Analytics to anybody with a website, regardless of whether they use AdWords.

Focusing on the explosive world of "social media," in August, we signed a multi-year search technology and services agreement with Fox Interactive Media, to hook up with their newly acquired property MySpace.

Toward the end of June, we introduced Google Checkout to provide consumers with a faster, safer, and more convenient way to shop online and help merchants drive leads, increase conversion rates, and reduce costs. Checkout is closely tied to Google Search and Google AdWords, improving the user experience with those products and making e-commerce more efficient for everyone. In the first six months following Checkout’s release, we built up momentum by signing thousands of merchants and millions of buyers, and in December, we announced that we’d be waiving all transaction processing fees for merchants in 2007, as a way to continue building on that momentum.

Worlds of information

During 2006, Google Book Search partnered with several more major libraries: the University of California, University of Wisconsin, and University of Virginia, and also our first non-English partnership, with Universidad Complutense de Madrid, to digitize and make searchable millions of pages of books and holdings across these libraries, which of course feature much that is rich with historical and literary value. We also began to offer a PDF download of books in the public domain, which proved to be a popular option. In related archival news, we added an Archive Search to Google News, so that history no longer seems so distant. Now you can find news stories going back more than 200 years and arranged using a simple timeline.

Though we were working to digitize books of historical maps from the archives of university libraries, we also remained dedicated to making geographic information useful and accessible today. On the first Geo Developer Day in June, we released a new version of Google Earth and enabled the creation of textured buildings in our acquired company, SketchUp. The same day, Google Maps undertook huge updates to its API, displayed Keyhole Markup Language (KML), and announced licensing and support for businesses wanting to embed a Google Maps experience in their websites or internal applications. Not long after, Google Maps began offering locally based coupons that appear in search results, and shortly after that, Google Earth launched in Japanese.

Still the same at heart

Google being Google, nothing gets in the way of our fundamental appreciation for the great applicability of technology – so quite logically, we appeared at the 40th Anniversary Star Trek convention in Las Vegas with a booth highlighting our tools appropriate for intergalactic applications.

Back on Google Earth, we solidified partnerships with the United Nations, Discovery Networks, National Geographic, and National Park Service among many others.

In August, we launched the largest free WiFi network in the U.S. around our hometown of Mountain View, California, and then we partnered on a proposal with Earthlink to provide free WiFi for the city of San Francisco, a process that continues into 2007.

The summer ended with the launch of Google Apps for Your Domain, a platform for small businesses to use Gmail, Chat, Calendar, Talk, and Page Creator together around their own domain name – for free. We added the "D" to domain by partnering with domain-registration industry leaders GoDaddy.com and eNom to offer domain-less users an easy way to find, register, and buy a domain, and then start immediately using our services.

The importance of partnerships

Over the course of the year, we announced an advertising partnership with eBay, a Toolbar distribution agreement with Adobe, and a strategic alliance with Intuit by offering a variety of Google services to Intuit small business customers. We also connected with Dell to install search software on Dell computers, and in the UK, we announced plans to work together in bringing web-based services to British Sky Broadcasting’s community of broadband Internet customers.

It’s a mobile world

The year would be nowhere near complete without mention of our efforts in the mobile space – a host of new mobile products, product updates, and partnerships, all directed towards helping more people access more information in more ways.

In the first half of the year, we made great strides toward that goal, launching Google Personalized home for mobile and Google News for mobile devices, and striking partnerships with carriers and equipment manufacturers such as Motorola, Research in Motion, Vodafone, Telefonica, and KDDI. The first half of 2006 also saw the initiation of our mobile ads pilot in Japan, a pilot designed to bring people relevant information in the form of highly targeted ads, whose success led to its expansion to 11 more markets throughout the year.

The second half of 2006 saw even more partnerships with market players from around the globe, including NTT DoCoMo, Sony, Palm, Sprint, and Airtel. It also saw two extremely well received launches: an update to Google Maps for mobile that provides users with real-time traffic information, and a new Java application – Gmail for mobile devices – that brings even more speed, convenience, and functionality to the mobile Gmail experience.

Always learning

In collaboration with the Frankfurt Book Fair literacy campaign and UNESCO’s Institute for Lifelong Learning, we embarked on a Literacy Project, binding together the powers of Book Search and the goal of sharing information and knowledge to create a resource for teachers, literacy organizations, and anyone interested in reading promotion and education.

In the classrooms, we released Google Apps for Education to help teachers handle their challenges and students succeed on their work both independently and collaboratively. Incorporating Gmail, Talk, Calendar, and Page Creator, Google Apps for Education helps the process of learning by making it easier to share information and ideas. We partnered with Blackboard, an e-learning software company, launched Google for Educators, a new outreach program offering K-12 teachers Google Certification through our Google Teacher Academy, and we made a special effort at raising awareness of Africa during Geography Awareness Week, the third week of November.

Building on the popularity of the "Google Doodle," we invited young people throughout the UK to design their own doodles that represent what it means to be British today in the "Doodle 4 Google: My Britain" competition. From the 15,000 British kids who entered, we picked the grand prize doodles and doodlers.

And what about video?

Well, in July, Google Video launched in localized languages in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom – but the most exciting news in the burgeoning world of online video occurred in October, when we announced our acquisition of YouTube, the enormously popular entertainment destination with a community that is highly motivated to watch and share videos.

Ecologically speaking

Like most conscientious corporate citizens, we recycle as much as possible. We embrace hybrid technology, biking to work, and the use of shuttles and carpools. (We even suggested "green vacations" using Google Maps in the summer 2006.) Then we went a step further in October, when we undertook a large solar panel installation at our Mountain View campus. This direct installation of clean and renewable power was the first step in reducing our environmental impact as a company. The solar energy will be used to power several of our Mountain View facilities, and by the spring of 2007, it should offset roughly 30% of our local peak electricity consumption – the amount of electricity generated equivalent to powering approximately 1,000 average California homes. At 1.6 MW, this project will be the largest solar installation on any corporate campus in the U.S., and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.

More, more, more…

There’s always more around Google … and so we introduced the Google Custom Search Engine, so that anyone can use the Google search platform in just minutes to create a search engine focused on any content they like, and we announced something called the Google Website Optimizer to help AdWords advertisers make smart business decisions and increase the return on their marketing investments. Working with other major search engines, we united in a joint and open initiative called Sitemaps.org to support a common mechanism for website submission, and, soon after, we announced sitemaps for Google News so that news sources have greater ability to determine what content appears in news searches.

Paving the way toward the future of productivity, at the Office 2.0 Conference in San Francisco, we launched Google Docs & Spreadsheets, an integrated, web-based word processing and spreadsheet application that makes it easier for people to create and share documents and spreadsheets on the web. To better reflect today’s connected world, we believe the next great advances in productivity and collaboration will come from enabling groups to share their work in this fashion. This is a chief reason behind our late October acquisition of JotSpot, a leading wiki platform.

As usual, we finished off with our year-end Zeitgeist, a look back at the odd, the expected, and the timely things on our collective minds for all of 2006.

2007

The New Year begins with a bang or two

The new year began with a few new friendships and a birthday or two, as we announced a partnership with China Mobile, the world’s largest mobile telecommunications carrier, to provide their users with Google mobile search, as well as a collaboration with Samsung that puts Google products and services on selected Samsung phones. We also announced two new partners in our Library Project – the University of Texas at Austin library and the Princeton University library. In terms of birthdays, the Google Mini turned 2 (to celebrate, the team added greater security features, the ability to search across various business applications, and integrated Google Analytics and the Sitemaps tool). And Google Apps for Your Domain turned one, and spawned the Google Apps Premier Edition, a grown-up, business version of our online hosted application suite.

In January, we also launched Google SketchUp 6, the newest version of the 3D software modeling tool in Google Earth. Other first quarter updates in our geo-sphere: an Australia-specific domain for Google Maps and the ability to see up-to-date traffic info for 30 major U.S. cities on Google Maps. We also updated Google Maps for Mobile to include current traffic information so that you can have details about freeway slowdowns when you need it most – in your car. (But please don’t use Google Maps for Mobile while you’re actually driving, or you’ll contribute to those red lines depicting trouble!) Also, Google Groups got some new features that moved it from a message board forum to an easy-to-build home on the web for people to share and maintain information, and orkut became even more socially useful with its SMS feature.

One more January item: we announced our 2006 year-end results, and hit a new milestone: on December 31, we employed 10,674 Googlers around the world – the first time our employee base hit 5 digits!

In February, we celebrated love by sharing it and opening up Gmail to everyone – no invitation required. We also spent some time thinking about our vision for the future of Google Video and our newest clan member, YouTube. What’s more, Google Apps expanded its global footprint when it announced partnerships with universities in Kenya and Rwanda. And we shared our thoughts on privacy by announcing a change in our logs retention policy. We were also excited that the SEC took a great step forward against spammers.

But the first quarter seemed to be mostly about you, as we launched more features to personalize your homepage and your search results. In light of all the flight cancellations that plagued travelers in late winter, we were glad to launch flights SMS, which delivers news on the status of your flights when you text your airline and flight number to 466453 (GOOGLE).

And because we’re always looking for exciting companies that are pushing the envelope and innovating in their fields and who might make a great addition to the Google family, we acquired Adscape, an innovative in-game advertising producer, and Gapminder’s Trendalyzer software, which generates dynamic graphics and other novel effects in displaying facts, figures, and statistics in presentations.

Extending our ads platform

In April, we announced a significant acquisition to our advertising business: DoubleClick. We believe this move will benefit all parties in the online advertising business, especially consumers. We partnered with EchoStar and Astound Cable on a TV Ads Trial, and our radio advertising services expanded thanks to a partnership with Clear Channel as well as new support from leading radio station systems for Google AdSense for Audio. Finally, we are working with Salesforce.com to give companies of all sizes better tools to build their business online.

We’ve been busy introducing new features for Google Maps, starting with My Maps and Mapplets, two features that enable you to customize Maps and share information with other users. The latest innovation in Maps is Street View, 360 degree street level imagery of several major US cities. We also introduced several new initiatives in Google Earth, starting with the Crisis in Darfur Global Awareness layer in partnership with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and a partnership with the American Institute of Architecture, and culminating at the end of June with the launch of Google Earth Outreach, a program that enables organizations to use Google Earth to raise awareness of their work on many world-affecting issues.

Some of our familiar services have been improved and expanded. We introduced a new, more powerful version of Google Analytics. We brought Google Desktop to Linux systems. And then, to better reflect what it actually does, we changed the name of Froogle to Google Product Search. We increased the attachment size in Gmail from 10MB to 20MB. Book Search is now even better thanks to the addition of records for millions of books that aren’t yet digitalized but can be found in a library near you, as well as the inclusion of the Committee of Institutional Cooperation (a major 12-library consortium) to the Book Search Library Project. We brought Google Calendar to mobile devices, and did the same for Picasa. Speaking of Picasa – now you have the ability to link your Picasa photos and albums to Google Maps or Google Earth. Google Docs & Spreadsheets has a new interface to help you keep your online and shared documents better organized. We’re looking forward to bringing you the ability to create and share online presentations as well, so with that goal in mind, we acquired Zenter.

And in the spirit of making the Internet available wherever you go, on April 1 (in keeping with our tradition for special announcements that day) we introduced TiSP, an innovative – and free! – broadband service for your home.

As usual we’ve managed to do some exciting new things with search, too. This spring we partnered with four states for better access to government websites. Search History, part of Google Toolbar, helps you keep track of previous searches and get recommendations. We introduced a new cross-language search feature from Google Translate. If you’re just in the mood for some fun, you can check out Google Hot Trends, which replaced the old look-back approach of our long-standing Google Zeitgeist. And in May we were excited to announce our first steps towards universal search. Now when you search for something, you’ll see video, news, books, image and local results integrated in one search result. We hope that universal search makes your searching experience more straightforward and comprehensive, while still giving you the best answer to your query.

The greening of Google

In June, we got very busy with environmental initiatives. We announced the Climate Savers Computing Initiative, a joint effort with more than 30 organizations to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by using more energy-efficient computers and computer equipment. Google.org announced the RechargeIT Plug-In Hybrid Car Initiative, and we finished the installation of 1.6 megawatts of solar panels at our campus in Mountain View. Further, we announced a plan to make our company completely carbon neutral by the end of 2007.

We’ve also been doing a lot of thinking about public policy issues. Our VP of People Operations, Laszlo Bock, testified in Congress about how immigration policies affect companies like ours. We published a new policy about anonymizing our server logs after 18 to 24 months. We’re considering what information technology can do for health and healthcare, and we formed an advisory council of experts to help guide our developments in this critical area of information.

In June, YouTube expanded to 9 more domains in Brazil, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Ireland, and the UK, translated and localized for each country. We’re bringing YouTube into the political world with the CNN/YouTube debates featuring Republican and Democratic presidential candidates this coming summer and fall. Finally, we’ve been hard at work developing video identification tools to more accurately and efficiently spot copyrighted audio or video content.

With all this going on, how can we still have time at the Googleplex for anything else? Somehow, we’ve squeezed in a little more. In early June, we acquired Feedburner, a company that provides tools for sitefeed management and analysis. We’re enjoying authors’ talks and visits from Presidential candidates in this pre-2008 election season. We hosted a Google Teacher Academy in Santa Monica. New team members have joined Google.org. Ten different cities around the world hosted our first-ever Google Developer Day and we introduced Google Gears, an open-source browser extension for creating offline web applications. Further investing in the developer community, we announced Google Gadget Ventures, a program which offers funding to third-party gadget developers working to create a more diverse and useful online world. And who could forget about that pesky python in our New York office building that was not an April Fools’ Day prank?

And on and on

What’s next from Google? It’s hard to say. We don’t talk much about what lies ahead, because we believe one of our chief competitive advantages is surprise. And then there’s innovation, and an almost fanatical devotion to our users. These are the things that fuel us, and, we hope, fuel your own dreams.

You can always take a peek at some of the ideas our engineers are currently kicking around by visiting them at play in Google Labs. Have fun, but be sure to wear your safety goggles.

©2007 Google


2000年1月1日
,公司创始人李彦宏、徐勇携120万美元风险投资,从美国硅谷回国,创建了百度公司。

2000年5月,百度首次为门户网站——硅谷动力提供搜索技术服务,之后迅速占领中国搜索引擎市场,成为最主要的搜索技术提供商。2001年8月,发布 Baidu.com搜索引擎Beta版,从后台服务转向独立提供搜索服务,并且在中国首创了竞价排名商业模式,2001年10月22日正式发布Baidu 搜索引擎。

2005年8月5日,百度在美国纳斯达克上市,成为2005年全球资本市场上最为引人注目的上市公司,百度由此进入一个崭新的发展阶段。