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 [讨论]我们亚裔美国人为啥要反对"Affirmative Action"? |
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Rickshaw
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头衔: 海归列兵
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加入时间: 2006/05/29
文章: 1715
来自: USA, China
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作者：Rickshaw 在 海归酒吧 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
今年MICHIGAN 选举时, 有个PROPOSAL 2: 你是否赞成取消Affirmative Action(平权计划)?
本人投了赞成票.
本人是铁竿LIBERAL, 但我认为这个平权计划对我们新一代的中国移民没有好处. 尤其是将来子女上好大学时, 会吃尽苦头, 大家应该反对这Affirmative Action.
下文对此有很好的分析:
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美国名牌大学对亚裔学生加高门槛 歧视普遍存在 ZT
亚裔约占美国人口的4．5％，而美国名牌大学亚裔学生所占比例通常在10％～30％。即便如此，越来越多的亚裔美国人还是抱怨说，亚裔学生进美国名牌大学的门槛高于其他族裔。
此间调查也认为，美国一些高校在录取亚裔学生时存在歧视。
美国精英高校在录取新生时是否公平对待亚裔学生，在美国社会争议已久。近来，随着一位华裔美国学生指控普林斯顿大学因其华裔背景而拒绝将他录取，这一话题再次在美国社会引起反响。
一些大学在“法律上是站不住脚的”
据《华尔街日报》报道，目前已是耶鲁大学一年级新生的李健，向美国教育部“民权办公室”申诉普林斯顿大学在今年春季招生时不公平地对待他。今年 17岁的李健在“学术能力测试”（SAT）中得了2400分的满分，在物理、化学及微积分等专项测试中取得2390分的优异成绩，但普林斯顿大学、斯坦福大学及麻省理工学院这3所“常春藤学院”，都将其拒之门外。
李健4岁从中国移民美国，如今持有“绿卡”。他在大学申请表上注明了他的中国国籍及自己的第一语言和在家使用语言是中文。
普林斯顿、哈佛等4所大学均将李健列为候补录取名单，但最终都没有录取他。李健后来看到了普林斯顿3位学者的一份研究报告，说申请入学的亚裔学生SAT分数需要比其他申请者高50分，才有进入名校的相同机会。这促使他将普林斯顿告到美教育部。
美国教育部“民权办公室”起初以“证据不充分”拒绝了李健的指控。李健随后以高中同班的一位白人同学成绩不如他而被普林斯顿录取为由提出上诉，该办公室上个月末通知他，将对此事进行调查。普林斯顿过去在面临类似指控时曾表示，学校将每位申请人视为个体来看，没有歧视亚裔美国学生。
调查显示，亚裔学生进入美名牌大学的门槛明显高于其他族裔。弗吉尼亚州“平等机会中心”针对密执安大学的一项调查发现，2005年该校录取的亚裔学生平均SAT分数在1400分（满分1600），比录取的白人学生平均分高50分，比拉美裔学生高140分，比黑人学生高240分。该中心主任克莱格认为，面对亚裔学生的指控，美国一些大学在“在法律上是站不住脚的”。
歧视亚裔学生的
院校还不少
早在1990年，美国联邦政府就发现，尽管亚裔学生的成绩和评级要略高于白人学生，但哈佛大学录取的亚裔学生要少于白人学生。调查还发现，哈佛大学负责录取的工作人员对亚裔学生抱有成见，认为他们内向、害羞、爱好数学等自然科学。最终，美国联邦政府认为，哈佛大学对运动员及该校毕业生子女的偏好造成了上述情况，因此联邦政府并没有以种族歧视起诉哈佛大学。
加州大学在1989年也曾遭受指控：指其伯克利分校对亚裔学生有录取限额，该校校长为此道歉。1990年调查人员发现伯克利分校数学系在录取研究生时歧视亚裔学生。该校法学院1992年迫于联邦政府压力放弃了限制亚裔入校生的政策。
亚裔学生在名校录取遇到的不公平待遇，与美国在上世纪六七十年代实行的“平等权利行动计划”有相当的关系。所谓的“平权计划”，是指美联邦和州就业法律禁止用人单位因年龄、残疾、性别、婚姻状态、原国籍、种族、宗教信仰等而歧视应聘者。平权措施旨在促进机会均等和消除歧视。虽然平权措施并非规定 “配额”，或因为种族、肤色、宗教信仰、或原国籍而给予任何个人优先照顾，但在实施结果上往往引起很大争议。
亚裔学生最初在“平权计划”实施时也曾受益，不过，凭借优异的学业成绩，亚裔学生在美国名牌大学所占比例，很快就超过了亚裔人口占全美人口的比例。许多大学开始限制亚裔学生入学人数。
也有学者表示，美国大多数名牌高校在录取亚裔学生时较过去更为公平。调查数据显示，2005年美国排在前25位的高校中，亚裔学生所占比例为 15．9％，而1992年的比例仅为10％。尽管如此，越来越多的亚裔学生家长仍然抱怨说，他们成绩优异的孩子在报考最著名的高校时，常常被不公平地拒绝录取。这已是一个公开的秘密。
英文版:
Is Admissions Bar Higher for Asians At Elite Schools?
School Standards Are Probed Even as Enrollment Increases;
A Bias Claim at Princeton
By DANIEL GOLDEN
November 11, 2006
Though Asian-Americans constitute only about 4.5% of the U.S. population, they typically account for anywhere from 10% to 30% of students at many of the nation's elite colleges.
Even so, ba<x>sed on their outstanding grades and test scores, Asian-Americans increasingly say their enrollment should be much higher -- a contention backed by a growing body of evidence.
Whether elite colleges give Asian-American students a fair shake is becoming a big concern in college-admissions offices. Federal civil-rights officials are investigating charges by a top Chinese-American student that he was rejected by Princeton University last spring because of his race and national origin.
Meanwhile, voter attacks on admissions preferences for other minority groups -- as well as research indicating colleges give less weight to high test scores of Asian-American applicants -- may push schools to boost Asian enrollment. Tuesday, Michigan voters approved a ballot measure striking down admissions preferences for African-Americans and Hispanics. The move is expected to benefit Asian applicants to state universities there -- as similar initiatives have done in California and Washington.
If the same measure is passed in coming years in Illinois, Missouri and Oregon -- where opponents of such preferences say they plan to introduce it -- Asian-American enrollment likely would climb at selective public universities in those states as well.
During the Michigan campaign, a group that opposes affirmative action released a study bolstering claims that Asian students are held to a higher standard. The study, by the Center for Equal Opportunity, in Virginia, found that Asian applicants admitted to the University of Michigan in 2005 had a median SAT score of 1400 on the 400-1600 scale then in use. That was 50 points higher than the median score of white students who were accepted, 140 points higher than that of Hispanics and 240 points higher than that of blacks.
Roger Clegg, president and general counsel of the Center for Equal Opportunity, said universities are "legally vulnerable" to challenges from rejected Asian-American applicants.
Princeton, where Asian-Americans constitute about 13% of the student body, faces such a challenge. A spokesman for the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights said it is investigating a complaint filed by Jian Li, now a 17-year-old freshman at Yale University. Despite racking up the maximum 2400 score on the SAT and 2390 -- 10 points below the ceiling -- on SAT2 subject tests in physics, chemistry and calculus, Mr. Li was spurned by three Ivy League universities, Stanford University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The Office for Civil Rights initially rejected Mr. Li's complaint due to "insufficient" evidence. Mr. Li appealed, citing a white high-school classmate admitted to Princeton despite lower test scores and grades. The office notified him late last month that it would look into the case.
His complaint seeks to suspend federal financial assistance to Princeton until the university "discontinues discrimination against Asian-Americans in all forms by eliminating race preferences, legacy preferences, and athlete preferences." Legacy preference is the edge most elite colleges, including Princeton, give to alumni children. The Office for Civil Rights has the power to terminate such financial aid but usually works with colleges to resolve cases rather than taking enforcement action.
Mr. Li, who emigrated to the U.S. from China as a 4-year-old and graduated from a public high school in Livingston, N.J., said he hopes his action will set a precedent for other Asian-American students. He wants to "send a message to the admissions committee to be more cognizant of possible bias, and that the way they're conducting admissions is not really equitable," he said.
Princeton spokeswoman Cass Cliatt said the university is aware of the complaint and will provide the Office for Civil Rights with information it has requested. Princeton has said in the past that it considers applicants as individuals and doesn't discriminate against Asian-Americans.
When elite colleges began practicing affirmative action in the late 1960s and 1970s, they gave an admissions boost to Asian-American applicants as well as blacks and Hispanics. As the percentage of Asian-Americans in elite schools quickly overtook their slice of the U.S. population, many colleges stopped giving them preference -- and in some cases may have leaned the other way.
In 1990, a federal investigation concluded that Harvard University admitted Asian-American applicants at a lower rate than white students despite the Asians' slightly stronger test scores and grades. Federal investigators also found that Harvard admissions staff had stereotyped Asian-American candidates as quiet, shy and oriented toward math and science. The government didn't bring charges because it concluded it was Harvard's preferences for athletes and alumni children -- few of whom were Asian -- that accounted for the admissions gap.
The University of California came under similar scrutiny at about the same time. In 1989, as the federal government was investigating alleged Asian-American quotas at UC's Berkeley campus, Berkeley's chancellor apologized for a drop in Asian enrollment. The next year, federal investigators found that the mathematics department at UCLA had discriminated against Asian-American graduate school applicants. In 1992, Berkeley's law school agreed under federal pressure to drop a policy that limited Asian enrollment by comparing Asian applicants against each other rather than the entire applicant pool.
Asian-American enrollment at Berkeley has increased since California voters banned affirmative action in college admissions. Berkeley accepted 4,122 Asian-American applicants for this fall's freshman class -- nearly 42% of the total admitted. That is up from 2,925 in 1997, or 34.6%, the last year before the ban took effect. Similarly, Asian-American undergraduate enrollment at the University of Washington rose to 25.4% in 2004 from 22.1% in 1998, when voters in that state prohibited affirmative action in college admissions.
The University of Michigan may be poised for a similar leap in Asian-American enrollment, now that voters in that state have banned affirmative action. The Center for Equal Opportunity study found that, among applicants with a 1240 SAT score and 3.2 grade point average in 2005, the university admitted 10% of Asian-Americans, 14% of whites, 88% of Hispanics and 92% of blacks. Asian applicants to the university's medical school also faced a higher admissions bar than any other group.
Julie Peterson, spokeswoman for the University of Michigan, said the study was flawed because many applicants take the ACT test instead of the SAT, and standardized test scores are only one of various tools used to evaluate candidates. "I utterly reject the conclusion" that the university discriminates against Asian-Americans, she said. Asian-Americans constitute 12.6% of the university's undergraduates.
Jonathan Reider, director of college counseling at San Francisco University High School, said most elite colleges' handling of Asian applicants has become fairer in recent years. Mr. Reider, a former Stanford admissions official, said Stanford staffers were dismayed 20 years ago when an internal study showed they were less likely to admit Asian applicants than comparable whites. As a result, he said, Stanford strived to eliminate unconscious bias and repeated the study every year until Asians no longer faced a disadvantage.
Last month, Mr. Reider participated in a panel discussion at a college-admissions conference. It was ti<x>tled, "Too Asian?" and explored whether colleges treat Asian applicants differently.
Precise figures of Asian-American representation at the nation's top schools are hard to come by. Don Joe, an attorney and activist who runs Asian-American Politics, an Internet site that tracks enrollment, puts the average proportion of Asian-Americans at 25 top colleges at 15.9% in 2005, up from 10% in 1992.
Still, he said, he is hearing more complaints "from Asian-American parents about how their children have excellent grades and scores but are being rejected by the most selective colleges. It appears to be an open secret."
Mr. Li, who said he was in the top 1% of his high-school class and took five advanced placement courses in his senior year, left blank the questions on college applications about his ethnicity and place of birth. "It seemed very irrelevant to me, if not offensive," he said. Mr. Li, who has permanent resident status in the U.S., did note that his citizenship, first language and language spoken at home were Chinese.
Along with Yale, he won admission to the California Institute of Technology, Rutgers University and the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. He said four schools -- Princeton, Harvard, Stanford and the University of Pennsylvania -- placed him on their waiting lists before rejecting him. "I was very close to being accepted at these schools," he said. "I was thinking, had my ethnicity been different, it would have put me over the top. Even if race had just a marginal effect, it may have disadvantaged me."
He ultimately focused his complaint against Princeton after reading a 2004 study by three Princeton researchers concluding that an Asian-American applicant needed to score 50 points higher on the SAT than other applicants to have the same change of admission to an elite university.
"As an Asian-American and a native of China, my chances of admission were drastically reduced," Mr. Li claims in his complaint.
作者：Rickshaw 在 海归酒吧 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
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 [讨论]我们亚裔美国人为啥要反对"Affirmative Action"? -- Rickshaw - (12130 Byte) 2006-11-18 周六, 10:26 (2671 reads)
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