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 钱学森死了，中国知识分子的那份血性也在死绝中(转) |
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老狼的致命弱点。。。 -- 网客JT - (516 Byte) 2009-11-01 周日, 10:35 (940 reads) |
nanonano
警告次数: 1
头衔: 海归中校
声望: 讲师
年龄: 56
加入时间: 1970/01/01
文章: 2027
海归分: 40955
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作者：nanonano 在 海归商务 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
网客JT写道"Critical Thinking是英文，没有对应的中文概念， 提请注意。"
注意了。好象其英文概念特广, 总能对上一些中文概念吧？
"Critical thinking is a rich concept that has been developing throughout the past 2500 years. The term "critical thinking" has its roots in the mid-late 20th century. We offer here overlapping definitions, together which form a substantive, transdisciplinary conception of critical thinking.
Critical Thinking as Defined by the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking, 1987
A statement by Michael Scriven & Richard Paul for the
{presented at the 8th Annual International Conference on Critical Thinking and Education Reform, Summer 1987}.
Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. In its exemplary form, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairness.
It entails the examination of those structures or elements of thought implicit in all reasoning: purpose, problem, or question-at-issue; assumptions; concepts; empirical grounding; reasoning leading to conclusions; implications and consequences; objections from alternative viewpoints; and frame of reference. Critical thinking — in being responsive to variable subject matter, issues, and purposes — is incorporated in a family of interwoven modes of thinking, among them: scientific thinking, mathematical thinking, historical thinking, anthropological thinking, economic thinking, moral thinking, and philosophical thinking.
Critical thinking can be seen as having two components: 1) a set of information and belief generating and processing skills, and 2) the habit, based on intellectual commitment, of using those skills to guide behavior. It is thus to be contrasted with: 1) the mere acquisition and retention of information alone, because it involves a particular way in which information is sought and treated; 2) the mere possession of a set of skills, because it involves the continual use of them; and 3) the mere use of those skills ("as an exercise") without acceptance of their results.
Critical thinking varies according to the motivation underlying it. When grounded in selfish motives, it is often manifested in the skillful manipulation of ideas in service of one’’s own, or one's groups’’, vested interest. As such it is typically intellectually flawed, however pragmatically successful it might be. When grounded in fairmindedness and intellectual integrity, it is typically of a higher order intellectually, though subject to the charge of "idealism" by those habituated to its selfish use.
Critical thinking of any kind is never universal in any individual; everyone is subject to episodes of undisciplined or irrational thought. Its quality is therefore typically a matter of degree and dependent on , among other things, the quality and depth of experience in a given domain of thinking or with respect to a particular class of questions. No one is a critical thinker through-and-through, but only to such-and-such a degree, with such-and-such insights and blind spots, subject to such-and-such tendencies towards self-delusion. For this reason, the development of critical thinking skills and dispositions is a life-long endeavor.
Another Brief Conceptualization of Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way. People who think critically consistently attempt to live rationally, reasonably, empathically. They are keenly aware of the inherently flawed nature of human thinking when left unchecked. They strive to diminish the power of their egocentric and sociocentric tendencies. They use the intellectual tools that critical thinking offers – concepts and principles that enable them to analyze, assess, and improve thinking. They work diligently to develop the intellectual virtues of intellectual integrity, intellectual humility, intellectual civility, intellectual empathy, intellectual sense of justice and confidence in reason. They realize that no matter how skilled they are as thinkers, they can always improve their reasoning abilities and they will at times fall prey to mistakes in reasoning, human irrationality, prejudices, biases, distortions, uncritically accepted social rules and taboos, self-interest, and vested interest. They strive to improve the world in whatever ways they can and contribute to a more rational, civilized society. At the same time, they recognize the complexities often inherent in doing so. They avoid thinking simplistically about complicated issues and strive to appropriately consider the rights and needs of relevant others. They recognize the complexities in developing as thinkers, and commit themselves to life-long practice toward self-improvement. They embody the Socratic principle: The unexamined life is not worth living, because they realize that many unexamined lives together result in an uncritical, unjust, dangerous world.
~ Linda Elder, September, 2007"
http://www.criticalthinking.org/aboutct/define_critical_thinking.cfm
作者：nanonano 在 海归商务 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
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 钱学森死了，中国知识分子的那份血性也在死绝中(转) -- 文夫 - (2461 Byte) 2009-11-01 周日, 09:41 (3822 reads) - question -- 狼协 - (406 Byte) 2009-11-01 周日, 10:09 (949 reads)
- 类似的文人郭沫若 -- 筋斗云 - (0 Byte) 2009-11-01 周日, 14:22 (382 reads)
- 也问一下 -- nanonano - (312 Byte) 2009-11-01 周日, 13:05 (585 reads)
- 老狼的致命弱点。。。 -- 网客JT - (516 Byte) 2009-11-01 周日, 10:35 (940 reads)
- 你。。。你太狠心了！ -- 勤劳 - (20 Byte) 2009-11-01 周日, 23:06 (519 reads)
- 明察秋毫啊！！！ -- 网客JT - (0 Byte) 2009-11-02 周一, 07:37 (262 reads)
- 无题 -- nanonano - (344 Byte) 2009-11-01 周日, 15:38 (539 reads)
- 说“没有”太沉重 -- nanonano - (5504 Byte) 2009-11-01 周日, 13:45 (364 reads)
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